religion in iran

Buddhism: Ancient Iranians' Role in Expansion of Buddhism, by Dr A. Iran accused the men of spying for "world arrogance" (being the U.S.) and the "Zionist regime" (being Israel). [26], The Government appears to adhere to a practice of keeping a small number of Baháʼís in arbitrary detention, some at risk of execution, at any given time. No part of this content including texts, photos, and itinerary may be republished or distributed in any form or by any means without the prior written permission and referring to TasteIran. "[2] In 2002 academic Hashem Aghajari was sentenced to death for blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammed, based on a speech in which he challenged Muslims not to blindly follow the clergy, provoking an international and domestic outcry. Mithraism is more well-known for its importance in the Roman Empire, yet it was imported from Persia where the cult of the god Mithra was originally born, in a pre-Zoroastrian era. Jewish leaders reportedly were reluctant to draw attention to official mistreatment of their community due to fear of government reprisal. [16] But limits on freedom of religion in the IRI most directly affects adherents of the Baháʼí Faith. In line with other anthropological research, a quarter of our respondents said they believed in jinns or genies. [36], According to the U.N. High Commission for Refugees Background Paper on Iran, the Mandaeans are regarded as Christians, and are included among the country's three recognized religious minorities. Iran also has a deteriorating human rights record. In response to repeated attempts (between 1982 and 1984) by the Iranian representative to the United Nations to convince the United Nations diplomatic community that the Baháʼí Faith is a politicized organization with a record of criminal activism against the Iranian government,[19] the United Nations has stated that there has been no evidence of Iran's claims and that the Baháʼí community in Iran professes its allegiance to the state. [34] On February 6, 2005, the special clerical court agreed to his conditional release (parole); he had served two thirds of his seven-year sentence and was therefore eligible for parole under the law. In TasteIran, we are trying to help visitors from all over the world to find the best and most unique experiences in Iran. The history of the presence of Assyrians in Iran is unknown. [2], In 2003 his death sentence was revoked by the Supreme Court, but the case was sent back to the lower court for retrial. Well written article. This was not a totally satisfactory settlement of the issue for both sides, but it settled the issue. Nowadays, Iran bears the testimony of this rich multicultural culture, through its numerous mosques, churches, monasteries, and fire temple. This is a religion that is considered one of the oldest monotheistic in the world and had many elements like fre that were central. The report also stated that Baháʼís must be expelled from universities, either in the admission process or during the course of their studies, once it becomes known that they are Baháʼís. English: Religion in Iran. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. Events held for religious groups were broken into and if the meetings were mixed sexed and or women were not wearing headscarves, arrests were made and meetings canceled. It shares similarities with the other religions of the Book, Christianity and Islam, starting with the faith in one just and compassionate God. [34], The Government continued to imprison and detain Baháʼís based on their religious beliefs. Iran understands it needs to foster better relations with its regional neighbors. The charges brought against him remain unknown, but they were believed to be related to his faith. Religion of Iran The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims of the Ithnā ʿAsharī , or Twelver, Shiʿi branch, which is the official state religion. [34], The property rights of Baháʼís generally are disregarded. [26], Baháʼís may not teach or practice their faith or maintain links with coreligionists abroad. The Government is highly suspicious of any proselytizing of Muslims by non-Muslims and can be harsh in its response, in particular against Baháʼís , Sunni Muslims and evangelical Christians. There are no official reports of government harassment of the Zoroastrian community to date. According to the documents, the Assyrian ethnic has merged with the Iranian population after the fall of the Mesopotamian Empire. It's nowadays the world's second-largest religion. There have been other requirements of citizens as well. Religion in Iran: From Zoroaster to Baha'ullah. The Islamic state is a particularly inhospitable home to religious minorities—Christians, Baha’is, Jews, Sunni Muslims. Shia Islam is one of the two main branches of Islam, alongside Sunni. It means that Iran is ruled by laws considered to have divine authority, namely the Sharia law, which is over the Iranian constitution. Judaism has a very long history in the country, although the Revolution and the establishment of Israel have left just under 9,000 Jews in the country. Apostasy, specifically conversion from Islam, can be punishable by death. Before the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century, Zoroastrianism has been the Persian Kings' religion. Religious texts in non-Persian languages require approval by the authorities for use. It is estimated that 99.4% (July 2016 est.) Freedom of religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) is marked by Iranian culture, major religion and politics. [12] There are laws against blasphemy and the punishment is death. In particular, critics alleged that the clerical courts were used to prosecute certain clerics for expressing controversial ideas and for participating in activities outside the area of religion, including journalism. Most Iranians are Muslims. In November 1999, President Khatami publicly stated that no one in the country should be persecuted because of his or her religious beliefs. The state-run and influential Kayhan[38] newspaper, whose managing editor is appointed by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei,[39] ran nearly three dozen articles defaming the Baháʼí Faith The articles, which make use of fake historical documents, engage in a distortion of history to falsely describe Baháʼí moral principles in a manner that would be offensive to Muslims, thus inducing feelings of suspicion, distrust and hatred to members of the Baháʼí community in Iran. As of 2006, there were indications that members of all religious minorities are emigrating at a higher rate than previously. Sunnis in Iran are found among ethnic minorities such as Arabs, Kurds, Baluchis, and Turks, populations which are mostly located at the borders of the country. Sunni and Shi'i are the two largest branches of Islam, with the overwhelming majority of Iranians practicing Shi'i Islam. TasteIran also provides Iran visa, Iran travel Insurance, Iran tourist card and book flights, buses, trains and hotels for your trip to Iran. However, most of those Assyrians in Iran do not have Iranian citizenship. The Government claims that the directive is a forgery. Muslims base their faith upon the Quran, a holy book containing the words of God. During the period covered by the report, the Government also seized private homes in which Baháʼí youth classes were held despite the owners having proper ownership documents. Islam is the religion of 98% of Iranians of which approximately 89% are Shi‟a almost all of whom are Ithna „Ashari. [1], Two Baháʼís, Sirus Zabihi-Moghaddam and Hadayat Kashefi-Najafabadi, were tried in 1998 and later sentenced to death by an Islamic Revolutionary Court in Mashad for practicing their faith. Alessandro Bausani. If some religions have disappeared since others are still practised in Iran. [2], Muslim men are free to marry non-Muslim women; a non-Muslim woman automatically becomes Muslim when the marriage takes place. This does not apply to the Baháʼí community, which since 1983 has been denied the right to assemble officially or to maintain administrative institutions. [2], Independent newspapers and magazines have been closed, and leading publishers and journalists were imprisoned on charges of hate speech and "insulting Islam" and sparking revolutionary sentiments whilst "calling into question the Islamic foundation of the Republic. Bibliotheca Persica Press, 2000 - Religion - 455 pages. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Religija u Iranu / Религија у Ирану . With the arrival of Islam in Persia though, the religion slowly declines and was even repressed under the Abbasids. Non-Muslim owners of grocery shops are required to indicate their religious affiliation on the fronts of their shops. The verdict was not announced, but, according to Amnesty International, Eshkevari widely was reported to have been sentenced to death. At least 90 percent of Iran’s population is Shiite. [22] There was also compromise of sorts allowed both Hebrew and Persian language use in Jewish schools. [48], Some issues dealing with Christianity in Iran deal more directly with the Armenian ethnic minorities. It takes its name from its prophet, Mani, who obtained under the reign of the Sassanian King Shapur I, the right to expand its religion. To fight this conflict and reach happiness, Zoroastrians follow the principle of "Good thoughts, good words, and good deeds". Islam, Iran's state religion and minorities The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims, more precisely Shia Muslim, which is the official religion of the Islamic Republic. [20], Religious activity is monitored closely by the Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance and by the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS). This year, the respected newspaper has chosen to include Iran among the destinations that should definitely be visited. There are hardly any disputes regarding the practical laws of religion comprising prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, religious taxes, holy war etc. [12], However, the adherents of religions not specifically protected under the Constitution do not enjoy freedom of activity. Some of the most important celebrations find their roots in Zoroastrianism, such as Nowruz, the Persian New Year. [34], While as of 2014 individuals who have been "targeted and prosecuted" by the Iranian state" for religious crimes of apostasy and blasphemy/"Swearing at the Prophet", are "diverse" and include "Muslim-born converts to Christianity, Bahá'ís, Muslims who challenge the prevailing interpretation of Islam, and others who espouse unconventional religious beliefs"; some cases have had "clear political overtones", while others "seem to be primarily of a religious nature". Unofficial reports of discrimination in employment and education has come up, but are by no means frequent. [49], In 1984 the government began to request religious affiliation on questionnaires for passports. The Supreme Leader is both the country’s top Islamic cleric and its most powerful political official, while the Guardian Council – a body of religious scholars – can veto any legislation it deems not in accordance with Islam. [27], In what appeared to be a hopeful development, in 2002 the Government offered the Tehran community a piece of land for use as a cemetery. In 2020, the US Commission on International Religious Freedom (ICRC) annual statement described the Islamic Republic as a country of particular concern under international law on religious freedom,[7] and US Secretary of State included the Islamic Republic among the most egregious violators of religious freedom. GAMAAN Religion in Iran 2020 – identifications. Influenced by Maldivian diplomat and politician Dr. Ahmed Shaheed’s article titled “Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, I will generally explain Islam’s role in Iran’s government, from the 1979 Revolution to the present to show how the Iranian government is limiting minority religions. [18][26], Baháʼís regularly are denied compensation for injury or criminal victimization. On the eve of Passover 1998, 13 Iranian Jewish men were arrested on charges of espionage. The worship of Mithra was based on natural elements, such as the fire and the sun, and this cult slowly declined to eventually disappear in the early 5th century. [32] This branch is independent of the authority of the Pope and other Christian leaders, and have its own Patriarch at his head. Religions in Iran. Applicants for public sector employment similarly are screened for their knowledge of Islam. Generally the overall economic position has deteriorated significantly post revolution. [26] In 2000 in the city of Abadeh, a Revolutionary Guard officer bulldozed a Baháʼí cemetery with 22 graves. [31] The Iran Human Rights Documentation Center has stated that they are concerned for the safety of the Baháʼís, and that the recent events are similar to the disappearance of 25 Baháʼí leaders in the early 1980s. From the very beginning of history, and even before the advent of Islam, Iranians were highly influenced by their Iran religion and were highly religious. [1], In 1993, the UNSR reported the existence of a government policy directive regarding the Baháʼís. Judaism has a very long history in the country, although the Revolution and the establishment of Israel have left just under 9,000 Jews in the country. [30] The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom has stated that it fears that the "development signals a return to the darkest days of repression in Iran in the 1980s when Baha'is were routinely arrested, imprisoned, and executed. [2], The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states that "the investigation of individuals' beliefs is forbidden" and that "no one may be molested or taken to task simply for holding a certain belief. Zabihi-Moghaddam, who originally was arrested in November 1997, was released in June 2002. He is thus named in the Hebrew Bible as the patron and deliverer of the Jews. Language, Status and Power in Iran , 1986. Nevertheless, he was sentenced to three years in prison for proselytizing. Iran's oldest literary tradition is that of Avestan, the Old Iranian sacred language of the Avesta, which consists of the legendary and religious texts of Zoroastrianism and the ancient Iranian religion, with its earliest records dating back to the pre-Achaemenid times. [30] The arrest of the six follow the detention of another Baháʼí leader in March,[28] who was originally taken to answer questions relating to the burial of a Baháʼí in the Baháʼí cemetery in Mashad. Constitutional protections of freedom of belief are tempered by the fact that the death penalty has been imposed on the basis of vague charges, such as “‘attempts against the security of the state,’ ‘outrage against high-ranking officials,’ and ‘insults against the memory of Imam Khomeini and against the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic,’” and has been imposed on the basis of crimes like "drug smuggling" that religious (and political) dissidents have no plausible connection with. Generally speaking, we can make a distinction between the religions that originated in Iran and are called Iranian, and Islam, which, although of Semitic origin, has been the religion of Iran for the past fourteen centuries. Yet, their influence has been spread to the edges of Asia and Europe, and have left their marks on many thinkers, writers, and philosophers. Subsequently, the Expediency Council approved the "Right of Citizenship" bill, affirming the social and political rights of all citizens and their equality before the law. )[21] The course was taught by Muslim teachers at least 3 hrs/wk. This is one of the most famous and influential travel bucket lists: "The 52 Places to Go in 2019" is the New York Times' recommendations for intrepid travelers. In Iran, it has about 25.000 members (for 300.000 in the 1970s), mainly located in Yazd and Kerman Provinces, while India has the largest population of Zoroastrians today. The United Nations pointed to the Baháʼí teaching of obedience to the government of one's country and stated that any involvement in any subversive acts against the government would be antithetical to precepts of the Baháʼí religion. [28][29] Officers from the Ministry of Intelligence in Tehran searched and raided the homes of the six people in the early hours of May 14. From inside the book . There were four Baháʼís reported to be in prison for practicing their faith at the end of the period covered by this report, two facing life sentences and two facing sentences of 15 years. In 2000 authorities in Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz reportedly also confiscated eight buildings belonging to Baháʼís. It took another few hundred years for Shi'a Islam to gather and become a religious and political power in Iran. Government authorities claim that only Muslim plaintiffs are eligible for compensation in these circumstances. Most Iranians, 78%, believe in God, but only 37% believe in life after death and only 30% believe in heaven and hell. At the same time, significant immigration of Assyrians from Iraq has been recorded due to massacres and harassment in post-Saddam Iraq. All of the minority religious groups, including Sunni, are barred from being elected president. Before passing on to the particular case of Iran, one important theme of Shia that may be referred to is the importance attached to the concept of martyrdom. Iran’s government has continued to imprison, harass and intimidate people based on religious beliefs, according to an annual State Department report on religious freedom released on June 10. "Religion and Development in Iran from the Qajar Era to the Islamic Revolution of 1978–1979." The measure effectively permits the registration of Baháʼí marriages in the country. [35], The head of the Anti-Defamation Union says that the tomb of "Esther and Mordecai", the burial place of Xerxes' Jewish wife, which is considered a Jewish religious site, has been set on fire in Hamedan. "Theatre in the Middle East." In November 2001, following domestic and international criticism, his sentence reportedly was reduced to 30 months' imprisonment and removal of his status as a cleric. In addition the Government stipulated that no markers be put on individual graves and that no mortuary facilities be built on the site, making it impossible to perform a proper burial. "[25], The Baháʼí Faith originated in Iran during the 1860s. [2], During the latter part of 2000, a Special Clerical Court began the trial of Hojatoleslam Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari, a cleric who participated in a conference in Berlin on Iran, on charges of apostasy, "corruption on earth," "declaring war on God," and "denial of basic religious principles," which potentially carry the death penalty. Yet, besides Islam, the state's religion, Iran has welcomed many other religions on its soil and still do, as well as it has been the birthplace of important faiths in history. [1][26], Baháʼís are not allowed to bury and honor their dead in keeping with their religious tradition. [18][26], While in recent years the Government has eased some restrictions, thereby enabling Baháʼís to obtain food-ration booklets and send their children to public elementary and secondary schools, the prohibition against the admission of Baháʼís to universities remains. Religious freedom conditions in Iran are egregiously poor as the government continues to respond to calls for reform by systematically cracking down on religious minorities. The Institute remains closed. More ancient than Mithraism is the Elamite religion, which we know little about, as few sources have remained. Religion in Iran. This ancient religion is the world's oldest monotheist faith to be still active. This case study investigates the social, economic, and political dynamics of 1970s Iran that led the Iranian people to accept, and then maintain, religion as the basis of a new political system after deposing Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979. Nowadays in Iran, the number of Sufis is estimated between two and five million. Despite Khulusi's release, it is unclear if the conviction and death sentence against him still stand. Iran Religion, Economy and Politics The major part (89%) of the population in Iran is Shi'a Muslim, 10% is Sunni Muslim, and the remaining 1% are Christian, Zoroastrian, Baha’i and Jewish. They are permitted access only to areas of wasteland that the Government designates for their use, and are not allowed to mark the graves. According national Statistical centre Christians were fastest growing religion in Iran during 1996-2006 period (+38.9%), and second fastest during 2006-2011 period (+7.6%, after Zoroastrianism). [21], The textbook the MET wrote on the minority religions was called Talimat-e Maxhadi Vizheh-ye Aqaliathaye Mazhabi - (Kalimi, Zarthoshti, Masihi); Religious Studies Specifically for Religious Minorities: (Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians. At the end of the 1983 academic year the MET requested the questions that were to be included in the final exam and the questions had to be sent in Persian and were ordered to be used in Persian as the final exam. Nor do Muslims who convert to another religion. Zoroastrianism was the original state religion of Iran and was one that swayed life for the majority of the people in the nation/ empire. [18], According to a U.S. panel, attacks on Baháʼís in Iran have increased since Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became president as well as Sunni Muslims. The Ministry of Education, which imposes certain curriculum requirements, supervises these schools. Since 1979 large numbers of private and business properties belonging to Baháʼís have been confiscated. Religion is a moral, an aspect in life that is, in a sense, a motive to keep on living. Those unable to do so face prison sentences. Denial of access to higher education appears aimed at the eventual impoverishment of the Baháʼí community. 78, 16th Azar st., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran. Contents. [18] Nonetheless, government officials have reportedly stated that as individuals, all Baháʼís are entitled to their beliefs and are protected under other articles of the Constitution as citizens. If they believe in Christian writings, Assyrians relate to the Church of the East, also called Nestorian or Persia Church, as it was founded under the Persian Empire of the Sassanids. They have a long history in Persia, with the Assyrians, which are the most ancient Christian community in Orient. Religion in Iran has played a very important role in shaping people's culture from the beginning. In one instance, a woman from Isfahan who legally traveled abroad found that her home had been confiscated when she returned home. Baháʼí cemeteries, holy places, historical sites, administrative centers, and other assets were seized shortly after the 1979 revolution. About Iran, Survival Tips, Before Traveling, 62 misty moor dr, Richmond hill, Ontario, Canada, L4C6R1, No. However, the land was in the desert, with no access to water, making it impossible to perform Baháʼí mourning rituals. Manicheism was spread through many parts of the world between the third and seventh century, especially with the development of the Silk Road, which brings Manichean ideas from China to the Roman Empire. [34], More recently, in the later months of 2005, an intensive anti-Baháʼí campaign was conducted by Iranian newspapers and radio stations. "[28], Geneva, June 10, 2020, The Baháʼí International Community (BIC) issued a statement on the situation of Baháʼís in Iran, expressing concern over the "unprecedented number of new prison sentences, re-incarceration and a media campaign of hatred, are raising concerns of the long-persecuted religious minority in the country.," "re-incarceration," and "media disgusting campaign" against Baháʼís in Iran. [citation needed] Iran has denied many components of Nadarkhani's story, and has even described such claims by Western media as "propaganda". The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam and the Twelver Ja'fari school, and also mandates that other Islamic schools are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites. Regardless, thousands of Jews had emigrated in the first eight months of 1987 through Austria. All the religious minorities objected to the text in 1982 claiming the book was a violation of Article 13 guaranteeing freedom in religious teaching, that there were overt and covert passages from the Quran, and lack of any qualifications of the anonymous author(s) rather than members of the religious minorities writing about their own religions. "[17], In 2004, the Expediency Council approved appending a note to Article 297 of the 1991 Islamic Punishments Act, authorizing collection of equal "blood money" (diyeh) for the death of Muslims and non-Muslims. For a Christian, Jew or Zoroastrian there is constant pressure at school to convert. During his imprisonment, Khulusi was interrogated, beaten, held in solitary confinement, and denied access to his lawyer. Unofficial estimates indicated an Assyrian Christian population of approximately 10,000. Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and is based on the texts of the Torah, the first book of the Hebrew Bible. If the child of a non-Muslim family converts to Islam, he or she inherits all the wealth of the family.[24]. The founder of the Persian Empire had freed them of the Babylonian captivity and enabled them to return to Jerusalem in order to establish their Temple. )[21][22] Even most of the time and occasions, all female citizens, including non-Muslims, are required to wear Hijab as Iran is currently an Islamic republic. Government officials have stated that the Baháʼís are not a religious minority, but a political organization which was associated with the Shah's regime, is against the Iranian Revolution and engages in espionage activities. This monotheistic faith teaches that God, which is merciful and omniscient, has guided humanity through sacred writings and prophets. Kashefi-Najafabadi was released in October 2001, after serving 4 years of his sentence. Therefore, religion is a major aspect of Iranian culture and social life. Baháʼís repeatedly have been offered relief from mistreatment in exchange for recanting their faith. If Islam is the state religion of Iran, three other religions are officially recognized as minorities by the Islamic Republic: Zoroastrians, Jewish, and Christians. Iran: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (HRP 2001). The history of the Christianity religion in Iran has two separate sides. [1][26], In 1998, after a nationwide raid of more than 500 Baháʼí homes and offices, as well as numerous arrests, the authorities closed the Baháʼí Institute of Higher Learning. [46][47], The annual report of the World Religious Freedom Commission emphasizes that Christians in Iran face discrimination. Although there are no official statistics of the size of the Sufi Muslim population, some reports estimated between two and five million people practice Sufism compared to approximately 100,000 before 1979. 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