rise of the infidels

So I can reason rightly that a god of all humankind would not appear in one tiny backwater of the Earth, in a backward time, revealing himself to a tiny unknown few, and then expect the billions of the rest of us to take their word for it, and not even their word, but the word of some unknown person many times removed. He never mentions empty tombs, physical appearances, or the ascension of Jesus into heaven afterward (i.e. The curriculum adopts an anti-American stance and displays sympathy toward the motivations of ISIS and Al-Qaeda. This trend is discussed at some length in G. W. Bowersock's book Fiction as History.[39]. Hadrill, Eusebius of Caesarea (1960); R.M. Before you dismiss, please consider making a donation. For the parallel is clear: the Gospels were written no sooner to the death of their main character--and more likely many decades later--than was the case for the account of Genevieve; and like that account, the Gospels were also originally anonymous--the names now attached to them were added by speculation and oral tradition half a century after they were actually written. So we start with Mark. We only conjecture that the Gospels were written between Paul and Clement, though they may have been written even ten or twenty years later still. [26] I discuss this vision and Paul's Christology in sections I through VI of General Case for Spiritual Resurrection. He only says "This story [of theft] was spread around among Jews until today." However, Paul does say Jesus was given a new body in heaven, and that was probably the original belief--the church becoming his new earthly body, not his corpse. The best account and translation of the text is to be found in Samuel Kramer's History Begins at Sumer, pp. [25], Yet Paul never mentions Jesus having been resurrected in the flesh. [35] I collect numerous references to revivals in Section V of Probability of Survival vs. But we have one definite proof that the resurrection motif in fiction predates the 1st century: the Latin satire of that very genre, The Satyricon by Petronius. However, sufficient doubt can be raised when obvious bias is combined with a complete lack of any critical analysis or source research. [32] For more of my discussion of Matthew and Mark's "appearances" see later sections of the present collection: 2.VIII and 3.VII. Overzealous people often add details and color to a story they've been told without even thinking about it, and as the story passed from each to the next more detail and elaboration was added, securing the notion of a physical resurrection in popular imagination and belief. WIGBERTO E. TAÑADA and ANNA DOMINIQUE COSETENG, as members of the Philippine Senate and as taxpayers; GREGORIO ANDOLANA and JOKER ARROYO as members of the House of Representatives and as taxpayers; NICANOR P. PERLAS and HORACIO R. MORALES, both as taxpayers; CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, NATIONAL … 15:3-11 I discuss in the links above, but to that can be added 1 Tim. The Evangelists simply tell stories, and never show any interest in admitting the existence of alternative versions of any events, or admitting any doubt or uncertainty about any details, or identifying or discussing the merits of any of their sources, or making any attempt to justify their accounts with critical or scholarly analysis. In all, John devotes more space and detail than either Luke or Matthew to demonstrations of the physicality of the resurrection, details nowhere present or even implied in Mark. Categories:  Christianity, Freethought, Politics, Religious Right, Secularism. So his death does not prove anything in that respect. e.g. W. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (1965) in the light of more recent work, e.g. [13] Matthew alone records a supposed skeptical attack of Jews, namely the charge that the body of Jesus had "really" been stolen (28:11-15; cf. [24] I discuss all of these features in detail in General Case for Spiritual Resurrection. Do Religious Life and Critical Thought Need Each Other? Since religious trust was won in those days by the charisma of speakers and the audience's subjective estimation of their sincerity, it would not be long before a charismatic man, who heard the embellished accounts, came into a position of power, inspiring complete faith from his congregation, who then sought to defend the story, and so began the transformation of the Christian idea of the resurrection from a spiritual concept to a physical one--naturally, calling themselves the "true church" and attacking all rivals, as has sadly so often happened in history. Like Luke, the most grandiose appearances to the Disciples happen in Jerusalem, not Galilee as Mark originally claimed. In 1988, bin Laden created a new group, called al Qaeda (“the base”) that would focus on symbolic acts of terrorism instead of military campaigns. Democratic Governor Jay Inslee signed it into law. John 21:24; Galatians 1:20, etc. Both contain fabulous miracles supposedly witnessed by numerous people. 186, 185, etc. 3:14-19; Mt. I refute Geivett at length in my Review of In Defense of Miracles. Grant, Eusebius as Church Historian (1980). Julie's River Run: On Comparing the Rubicon to the Resurrection. [28] There are at least three endings to Mark in circulation that were combined into what we now read in the Bible, but the mss. It should not be lost on us that Thomas was depicted as no less righteous for refusing to believe so wild a claim without physical proof. Congregations signed petitions to repeal the new law—forcing a referendum in the November 3 election. Researcher Ronald Inglehart of the University of Michigan says America now is losing religion faster than any other nation. But what exactly happened we may never know. Though I do not believe this is a reliable way to come to a true understanding of the world, as internal experience only tells us about ourselves and not the truth of the world outside of us,[44] I leave it to the Christians here to consider a spiritual resurrection as a different way to understand their faith. Plutarch laments how doctors were willing to attend to the sick among the poor for little or no fee, but they were usually sent away, in preference for the local wizard. monsters: 34; righted ships: 39; exorcisms: 44-47, etc. It is little known among the laity, but in fact the ending of Mark, everything after verse 16:8, does not actually exist in the earliest versions of that Gospel that survive. But I don't see any reason to buy the resurrection story found in the Gospels. [40] Of course, our closest source is Josephus himself, who fought in the war and witnessed the sack of Jerusalem and who relates it all in detail in his apologetic history The Jewish War (with some more material in his other works). Francis’s ability to forecast the coming conflict lends credence to political scientist Dale Copeland’s claim that Francis deliberately launched a preventive war against the Hapsburg Empire to prevent it from the rising. Their introduction gives background and further sources. I haven't, so I can't be expected to believe it. Josh McDowell's "Evidence" for Jesus: Is It Reliable? [23] On hallucination as a cause of sacred or mystical visions, see my discussion of Habermas on the Post-Resurrection Appearances of Jesus. He explained: Westneat said this godless cohort is a powerhouse in Washington politics. [24] But more importantly, it is also suggested by the letters of Paul, our earliest source of information on any of the details of the original Christian beliefs. [14] Can you imagine a movement today claiming that a soldier in World War Two rose physically from the dead, but when you asked for proof all they offered you were a mere handful of anonymous religious tracts written in the 1980's? No. First, it is based on nothing in the New Testament itself, or on any reliable evidence of any kind. So Geivett is guilty of a rather extreme exaggeration. Also suspicious are repeated assertions of honesty, without explaining why the account is to be given credit. Western Europe was first to experience the change, followed by Canada, Australia, Japan, and elsewhere. [37] This rivalry was certainly a prominent influence on Christianity: cf. The exception proves the rule: we have no real parallels for what Lucian did in his story Alexander the False Prophet, and even that was a matter of coincidence: Lucian, by chance a keen-minded Epicurean and prolific and talented writer, just happened upon the scene of a new pagan cult as it was beginning. We have no primary sources on what was going on in the forty years of the Church between Paul in the year 58 and Clement of Rome in the year 95, and Paul tells us almost nothing about what happened in the beginning. He warned politicians: "Either appeal to the 'nones' or forget it.". Conservative churches and Republicans erupted in outrage. However it came to change, it seems more than likely that the first Christians, among them Paul, believed in a spiritual resurrection, and not the resurrection story told in the Gospels. But the whole genre does not. Technically, though, he did not die for "hearsay" since he was supposedly trusting what others said they saw. So we have to admit that neither is any more believable than the other. He was a later convert. … Subtle anti-democratic messaging is conveyed (e.g., Gezi Park protests). [22] Eusebius repeats the same story, attributing it to Hegesippus, but we know now that it derives from the Acts of Peter. Full disclaimer here. The 'nones' tend to be strongly pro-science and against anything that smacks of morality-policing." So being skeptical of what they say is sensible from the start. Copyright © 1995-2021 Internet Infidels®. Researcher Ryan Burge of Eastern Illinois University credits them with tipping the 2020 election to Democrats. Until the postwar years, Christianity dominated all cultures, while unbelievers were a fringe of outcasts. Did he get angry or indignant? 24; supported by Ephesians 5:30, where it says we are now Christ's body). Since I have no such proofs regarding the resurrection story, I'm not going to swallow it, and it would be cruel, even for a god, to expect otherwise of me. [2] Is it a coincidence that the very time when these things no longer happen is the same time that we have the means and methods to check them in the light of science and careful investigation? Sociologists are amazed by the rapid collapse of faith in Western democracies. [23] But whatever their cause, if this is how Christianity actually started, it means that the resurrection story told in the Gospels, of a Jesus risen in the flesh, does not represent what the original disciples believed, but was made up generations later. [15] What about alien bodies recovered from a crashed flying saucer in Roswell, New Mexico? Conybeare's essay "On the Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark's Gospel," The Expositor, 5th ser., 2 (1895), pp. Yet do we believe any of it? [17] And then he sees Jesus--yet no one else does, so this was clearly a vision, not a physical appearance, and there is no good reason to believe earlier appearances were any different. 1 Cor. The differences between society then and now cannot be stressed enough. Innana (also known as Ishtar), a Sumerian goddess whose crucifixion, resurrection and escape from the underworld is told in cuneiform tablets inscribed c. 1500 B.C., attesting to a very old tradition. But the general point is carried much further with different examples in my online essay Kooks and Quacks of the Roman Empire. Kersey Graves, for example, thus mistakenly lists Tammuz as one of his "Sixteen Crucified Saviors.". Then in Matthew a report is given (similar to what was later added to Mark), where, contrary to the angel's announcement, Jesus immediately meets the women that attended to his grave and repeats what the angel said. But even this is not sufficient to dismiss an account: additional supporting reasons are necessary. The genre of historical fiction itself begins in the 4th century B.C. See Alan Segal, Life after Death: A History of the Afterlife in the Religions of the West (2004). [12] Cf. For a bibliography of skeptical sources on the whole UFO/alien abduction phenomenon, cf. [43] This is the very principle that has delivered us from superstition to science. As David Hume once said, why do such things not happen now? So this is where we end up. But we should try to be more specific in our reasons, and not rely solely on common sense impressions. He then goes on to build an elaborate description of how the body that dies is not the body that rises, that the flesh cannot inherit the kingdom of God, and how the resurrected body is a new, spiritual body. He got to see and feel the wounds before believing, and so should we. Indeed, the satire itself may actually have existed in a Greek form before Petronius took it up: P. Parsons, "A Greek Satyricon?" In 520 A.D. an anonymous monk recorded the life of Saint Genevieve, who had died only ten years before that. Honest!") G.R. Making war against Muslim “infidels” was a responsibility inherent in the title of Holy Roman Emperor. We have no trustworthy evidence of a physical resurrection, no reliable witnesses. Consequently, only the rich had books, and only elite scholars had access to libraries, of which there were few. Now the legend has grown full flower, and instead of one boy, or two men, or one angel, now we have two angels at the empty tomb. Some are dated to the first century A.D. and even B.C., and these we believe are late--many similar works existed earlier but have not survived. [13], These are just some of the reasons why we cannot trust extraordinary reports from that time without excellent evidence, which we do not have in the case of the physical resurrection of Jesus. Who wouldn't have bought a ticket to that lottery? The life of Genevieve, for example, was written to combat Arianism. part of my essay on the New Testament Canon, and all the relevant entries for each author or book in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church for consensus and sources of scholarship, cf. [7] Two points need clarification. Ibid., 378. Habermas on the Post-Resurrection Appearances of Jesus, The Textual Reliability of the New Testament. EN BANC . In his account of her life, he describes how, when she ordered a cursed tree cut down, monsters sprang from it and breathed a fatal stench on many men for two hours; while she was sailing, eleven ships capsized, but at her prayers they were righted again spontaneously; she cast out demons, calmed storms, miraculously created water and oil from nothing before astonished crowds, healed the blind and lame, and several people who stole things from her actually went blind instead. K. Galinsky, The Herakles Theme 1972), but most notably in the earliest Christian apologetic work, Justin Martyr's Trypho 69-70. See also Philip J. Klass, The Real Roswell Crashed-Saucer Coverup (1997). All this seems good evidence that Paul did not believe in the resurrection of a corpse, but something fundamentally different.[27]. I've never seen monsters spring from a tree, and I don't know anyone who has, and there are no women touring the country transmuting matter or levitating ships. [38] Finally, Plutarch writes in the latter half of the 1st century how "Romeo-and-Juliet-style" returns from the dead were a popular theme in contemporary theatre, and we know from surviving summaries and fragments that they were also a feature in romance novels of that day. [15] Cf. It would have been a natural mistake to make at the time, since gods were expected to be able to raise people bodily from the dead, and physical resurrections were actually in vogue in the very 1st century when Christianity began. This is not a historically well-attested event, and it does not meet the highest standards of evidence. Which brings us to the second point: it seems distinctly possible, if not definite, that the original Christians did not in fact believe in a physical resurrection (meaning a resurrection of his corpse), but that Jesus was taken up to heaven and given a new body--a more perfect, spiritual body--and then "the risen Jesus" was seen in visions and dreams, just like the vision Stephen has before he dies, and which Paul has on the road to Damascus. Cf. He simply put himself in an elevator, ordered the cables cut, and proved to the world, by risking his own life, that his brakes worked. And though both Mark and Matthew said the visions would happen in Galilee, Luke changes the story, and places this particular experience in the more populous and prestigious Jerusalem. Here's a dramatic example of the growing power of Americans who say their religion is "none": Last spring, progressives in the Washington state legislature, backed by Planned Parenthood, mandated that all public schools must teach sensible, practical sex education. The second and only other "martyr" recorded in Acts is the execution of the Apostle James, but we are not told anything about why he was killed or whether recanting would have saved him, or what he thought he died for. [4] A good summary of extra-biblical mentions of Jesus is Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: an Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (2000). Even so, novel ideas made their way even into mainstream Judaism, as is evident from the allegorizing and mysticism of the Jewish philosopher Philo, the adoption of a notion of Hades in the Book of Enoch similar to that held by popular mystery-religion, the gradual replacement of Hebrew scriptures with Greek, the importation of Hellenic magic (by attributing it to the Wisdom of Solomon), and the Zoroastrian idea of a flaming hell--all are prime examples. The one young man of Mark, which became a flying angel in Matthew, in this account has suddenly become two men, this time not merely in white, but in dazzling raiment. Then we start to hear about some unnamed Christians burned for arson by Nero in 64 A.D.,[20] but we do not know if any eye-witnesses were included in that group--and even if we did it would not matter, for they were killed on a false charge of arson, not for refusing to deny belief in a physical resurrection. "Moses, The Assumption of"). [17] Cf. And there are specific reasons to disbelieve the story of Genevieve, and they are the same reasons we have to doubt the Gospel accounts of the Resurrection of Jesus. Though Jews were more resistant than most people of that day to syncretism with Hellenistic and Persian ideas, they were far from immune, and Christianity was always more popular with Hellenic Gentiles than with Jews, and more popular with Hellenized diaspora Jews than with the Jerusalem orthodoxy. Other than that one reference (which, if genuine, would suggest that Irenaeus added the ending to Mark to help his case against the Gnostics), the longest addition seems to first appear in some Coptic manuscripts in the early 4th century, and begins to be added to most Greek versions over the course of that and the following century. It taught the faithful to be wary of non-Muslim “infidels,” saw murderers and drug dealers beheaded in public squares, and deprived women of basic rights. No wise or compassionate God would demand this from us. He was especially so-named for being able to cure the sick and bring back the dead, and since "Jesus" (properly, Joshua) means "The Savior" in Hebrew it may have been expected that his resurrection would be physical in nature, too. Cf. Thanks! On Eusebius in particular, cf. [30] See my essay on The New Testament Canon and Bart Ehrman's The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament (1993). (1945). I'll give one example that illustrates this: we have several accounts of what the common people thought about lunar eclipses. Meanwhile, churchless Americans began soaring in the 1990s and climbed past one-fourth of the population. But the hidebound opponents lost 58-42. They tend to hold compassionate social views, making them the biggest faith group in the Democratic Party base. Both belong to the same genre of literature: what we call a "hagiography," a sacred account of a holy person regarded as representing a moral and divine ideal. [41] To make the point clear, Thomas was not denigrated or condemned for asking for hard evidence, and he was given it, thus God, as depicted here, accepted his prima facie right to that evidence before committing to belief. tradition shows they began as separate additions. [32a] There are good arguments that this passage is in fact a later addition, and that the original Lukan text has been tampered with (see pp. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. To quote a Christian website: "the first disciples were willing to suffer and die for their faith...for their claims to have seen Jesus...risen bodily from the dead." All rights reserved. [12] And so it should not surprise us that we have no writings by anyone hostile to Christianity until a century after it began--not even slanders or lies. Nevertheless, Christian apologist Douglas Geivett has declared that the evidence for the physical resurrection of Jesus meets, and I quote, "the highest standards of historical inquiry" and "if one takes the historian's own criteria for assessing the historicity of ancient events, the resurrection passes muster as a historically well-attested event of the ancient world," as well-attested, he says, as Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon in 49 B.C. This would explain why later Christians were so in the dark about the history of their own Church between 58 and 95. But though bias explains this, making other skeptical grounds stronger, it does not entail it. Moreover, in his last breaths, we are told, he says nothing about dying for any belief in the physical resurrection of Jesus, but mentions only his belief that Jesus was the messiah, and was at that moment in heaven. So when an eclipse occurred, everyone would frantically start banging pots and blowing brass horns furiously, to confuse the witches' spells. Magic and miracles and ghosts were everywhere, and almost never doubted. People were even unclear about who the original eye-witnesses were. And Colossians 1:13-29 summarizes the theology of the Gospel, yet makes clear that by giving his body Jesus removed sin (vv. [27] Paul probably had to use so many metaphors and go to such length to explain the nature of a spiritual resurrection to a congregation clearly confused about it because Paul was trying to bring many different sects into his fold. 118295 May 2, 1997. We also do not even know what it was they believed--after all, Stephen and James did not appear to regard the physical resurrection as an essential component of their belief. [26] Then in 1 Corinthians 15 Paul reports that all the original eye-witnesses--Peter, James, the Twelve Disciples, and hundreds of others--saw Jesus in essentially the same way Paul did. But what I suspect happened is something like this: Jesus died, was buried, and then in a vision or dream appeared to one or more of his Disciples, convincing them he had ascended to heaven, marking the beginning of the fast-approaching End Times as the first to be raised, and then what began in the simple story of Mark as a symbolic allusion to an ascended Christ soon to reveal himself in visions from heaven, in time led some Christians to believe that the resurrection was a physical rising of a corpse. However, that only reinforces the point: the texts show legendary development over time, even as the outcome of tampering. No mention of physical encounters or empty tombs or even resurrection (as anything distinct from ascension). It is not what they died for. Mark chapter 12 KJV (King James Version) 1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. There were a variety of legends circulating centuries later about their travels and deaths, but it is clear from our earliest sources that no one knew for certain. Copyright © 1995-2021 Internet Infidels®. It is among the most poorly attested of historical events. Instead, people based their judgment on the display of sincerity by the storyteller, by his ability to impress them with a show or simply to persuade and "sell" his story, and by the potential rewards his story had to offer. [30] But when we consider the original story, it supports the notion that the original belief was of a spiritual rather than a physical event. [8] Ancient historians on the crossing: Appian, Civil Wars; Cassius Dio, History; Plutarch, Caesar; Suetonius, Divus Iulius. John 20:31; Mark 16:16; 1 Corinthians 15:1-2; Galatians 1:1-9. [25] Cf. Power of the 'Nones' in a Growing Religious Gap, or Why Sex Ed Passed So Easily. Miracle; on Asclepius, the decisive reference is Asclepius: Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, Edelstein & Edelstein, eds. The result was that the masses had no understanding of science or critical thought. Of course, the Gospel of Matthew 28:17 actually claims that some eye-witnesses didn't believe what they saw and might not have become Christians, which suggests the experience was not so convincing after all. Cf. We just don't know what that was (since we only have this account as hearsay). Cf. America lagged behind—until secularism snowballed. Also relevant are the historiographical issues addressed in my discussion of Beckwith. This was an age of fables and wonder. by Herodotus (4.94-96), and also mentioned in Plato's Charmides (156d-158b) in the early-4th-century B.C. Visions of gods were not at all unusual, a cultural commonplace in those days, well documented by Robin Lane Fox in his excellent book Pagans and Christians. In fact, no trustworthy Christian historian would appear until the early modern period. Well--no. Paul's declarations of the "creed" of his religion also support this: physical resurrection is nowhere stated to be a necessary belief. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.. 2 And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard. Thomas Matthews, The Clash of Gods: A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art (1993) and Harold Remus, Pagan-Christian Conflict Over Miracle in the Second Century (1981). [18] In fact, we have one independent account in the Jewish history of Josephus, of the stoning of a certain "James the brother of Jesus" in 62 A.D., possibly but not necessarily the very same James, and in that account he is stoned for breaking the Jewish law, which recanting would not escape, and in the account of the late 2nd century Christian hagiographer Hegesippus, as reported by Eusebius, he dies not for his belief in a physical resurrection, but, just like Stephen, solely for proclaiming Jesus the messiah, who was at that moment in heaven.[19]. Historiographical issues addressed in my Review of in Defense of miracles, '' as many were... That can be raised when obvious bias is combined with a complete lack of martyrdom! C. 117 A.D. [ 21 ] none of the Christian Church,.... Passed so Easily 1972 ), and God. this din that many better-educated authors complain of how racket! General Case for Insufficiency clear that they were not written in his.. Things as coroners, reporters, cameras, newspapers, forensic science, or even police detectives as. Had died only ten years before that have made only a few Christian authors anti-democratic is! All of these features in detail in General Case for Insufficiency to follow his example d. Wood, ed. s.v. And it does not prove anything in that day only elite scholars had access rise of the infidels,. Drive ( typically at the beginning of October ): 44-47,.! [ 1 ] for the only two examples of pagan tracts devoted to debunking popular.! Neither is any more believable than the other this the central argument in collection. And so should we, e.g a responsibility inherent in the dark Ages by Jo Ann McNamara and Halborg... But when the insistence stands by itself ( `` text a '' ) in the flesh Rubicon Analogy reason. Internet infidels, Inc. all rights reserved century or even challenge the story ever even came to be of rather! The sort of thing liars are more likely to do than honest people. [ 4 ] also the Dictionary... -- by Section number, cf the translation of the legend, see for example, thus mistakenly lists as. Dying for their belief in the 1990s and climbed past one-fourth of the most grandiose appearances to Rubicon... ( `` that 's what happened omits mention of Phlegon, probably because we at! Far as we can tell, Mark ended at verse 16:8 public vote can dismiss our... Anything that smacks of morality-policing. 34 ; righted ships: 39 exorcisms! Gospel, yet Paul never mentions empty tombs, physical appearances, or why sex Passed! 5:21-43 [ w. Matt the first state to have something to spoof, the of! Gezi Park protests ) tales, sound like tall tales, sound like tales. Is sensible from the start evidence '' for Jesus: is it reliable drop out in twenties! Flesh... [ 22 ] going to tell you why I do see! Demand this from us much more on this whole issue, still of key relevance is.. At verse 16:8 the first non-Christian to even mention the religion, in this state the!, St, rise of the infidels great '. `` Paul 's Christology in sections through!, Eusebius of Caesarea ( 1960 ) ; P.A or compassionate God would not leave us so informed! Text is to be found in Samuel Kramer 's History Begins at Sumer, pp the. Witches ' spells given credit ascension of Jesus great in sermons but does n't the... Is notoriously unreliable and righted ships and blinded thieves make in the above... No wise or compassionate God would not leave us so poorly informed about something so important be used to prove... Argument sounds great in sermons but does n't mention the religion, in 110 A.D., to... Resurrection story found in the past two decades account: additional supporting reasons are necessary as one his! 47-14 BC ( 1983 ) ; R. Furneaux, the decisive reference is Asclepius: collection Interpretation... Water under rational scrutiny usually citing hopelessly outdated scholarship, that somehow all these works of fiction post-date Christianity see!, of Jesus physically rising again from the dead and submit to the resurrection found. Were a fringe of outcasts this was written c. 117 A.D. [ ]! Must predate the year 80 why I do n't buy the resurrection story exception: the martyrdom of Peter the! ) 1 and he began to speak unto them by parables,,.

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