roman cities in egypt

cit. XVIII Int. E. G. Turner, ‘Oxyrhynchus and Rome’, HSCP 79 (1975), 1–24. 91, A.D. 50/1, Philadelphia). G. Chalon, 1964), lines 59–61; cf. The nature of the papyrological material is such that certain features of communities can be assessed and quantified. cit. (1974), 349–56. (n. 35), ch. Our model of full civic self-administration is the unit of town and dependent territory, run by a council drawn from the wealthy local landowners and headed by annual magistrates, responsible for supervising membership of the community and the council, for providing local amenities and law and order, and for collecting the tribute assessed by Rome on their community. The country's overflowing granaries were now the property of Rome; it became the 'breadbasket' of the empire, the 'jewel of the empire's crown.' At that time, the capital of Egypt was Alexandria. 8 Greek cities: see Section III.ii below. cit. With a flotilla on the Nile and a garrison of three legions or 27,000 troops (plus auxiliaries), the province existed under the leadership of a governor or prefect, an appointee (as were all major officials) of the emperor. 30 (1975), 48–58, at 51–2, 58; idem, ‘L'epikrisis dei greco-egizi’, Proc. 1 = C.Pap.Jud. Augustus maintained a registry of the 'Hellenized' residents of each city. The old idea that ownership of catoecic land conferred ‘catoecic’ status has been demolished: see Braunert, op. 86 See J. F. Oates, ‘Ptolemais Euergetis and the city of the Arsinoites’, BASP 12 (1975), 113–20 (for the firstcentury designation of ‘Arsinoe’ as the ‘polis of the Ptolemaeans’ see p. 124 n. 95 below); D. Hagedorn, ‘Όξνρύγχων πόλις und ἡ ʾΟξυϱυγχιτῶν πόλις“, ZPE 12 (1973), 277–92, with E.-M. Grocholl, ‘Bemerkungen zur Datierung von Bezeichnungen und Epitheta der Stadt Oxyrhynchos’, ZPE 85 (1991), 268–70. A., Le gymnasiarque des métropoles de l'Egypte romaine (1924)Google Scholar; M. G. Raschke, ‘The office of agoranomos in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt’, Akt. cit. She became the last in a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during his conquest of Egypt in 332 B.C. II.59. 41:'Unfortunately, all my attempts to find a mathematical Johnson, 'Roman Egypt to the reign of Diocletian', in solution to the problem of 84 denarii 15V4 obols have. After the suicide of Nero in 68 CE, four men would vie for the throne – Pass. Alexander: Burr, V., Tiberius lulius Alexander, Antiquitas 1 (1955)Google Scholar; Schürer, E., History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (2nd edn, rev. See also Bowman, A. K., The Town Councils of Roman Egypt, Am.Stud.Pap. Claudius Balbillus, prefect A.D. 55–9; Ti. (1981), 411–18; held by the Alexandrian Ti. Cleopatra and CaesarJean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904) (Public Domain). v.252, A.D. 25/6). We do not share the doubts of Delia, op. The emperor quickly filled the ranks of the administration with members of the equestrian class. The impressive remains of the complex are mostly late Ptolemaic and Roman (re)constructions, but they look Pharaonic and suggest social and cultural continuity across the centuries. Over time this strict social structure would be questioned as Egypt, Alexandria especially, saw a significant change in its population. v. 36 Fraser, op. IX. It is echoed in older standard works such as Jouguet, P., La vie municipale dans l'Egypte romaine (1911), 75Google Scholar; Stein, A., Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Verwaltung Agyptens unter römischer Herrschaft (1915), 84Google Scholar. cit. St. Catherine's Monastery is the oldest working Christian monastery in the world and the most popular tourist attraction on the peninsula. The statement of Dio LI.17.2 that Augustus insisted on civic government aneu bouleuton (without councillors) does not prove that he abolished the boule and could equally refer to a refusal to accede to requests to re-establish it. The history of Egypt, dating from the ousting of the Persians under Alexander through the reign of the Ptolemys and the arrival of Julius Caesar, saw a nation suffer through conquest, turmoil, and inner strife. (ed. Despite having serious troubles with a brother who challenged his right to the throne, he began a chaotic rule of his own. The inscriptions, however, illustrate the radical changes in communal organization and administration which the Romans introduced. n. 83 above) is a copy of a record of proceedings before a strategos, not of a municipal meeting, and ‘the men from the city’ who are present and shout out are just interested or curious parties who have attended this public hearing. With the end of a long civil war, Octavian had the loyalty of the army and in 29 BCE returned to Rome and the admiration of its people. 41 Fraser, op. His argument for the existence of private property in Ptolemaic Egypt is sound, but he does not note the important difference between Ptolemaic ge idioktetos and Roman ge idiotike. 11.39.2; D. W. Rathbone, ‘The imperial finances’, CAH x (2nd edn, 1993, forthcoming), ch. P.Mich. Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. cit. 15 Swarney, P. R., The Ptolemaic and Roman Idios Logos, Am.Stud.Pap. Rhinocorura (Greek for "Cut-off Noses") and the eponymous region around it were used by Ptolemaid Egypt as a place of banishment for criminals, today known as Arish. (n. 15). 1.2–6 = C.Pap.Jud. In Earlier suggestions of the 5:6 pay model (cf. P.Mich. ROMAN EGYPT* By RICHARD and ROBERT D. ALSTON Urbanism in the ancient world has been of abiding interest to ancient social and economic historians, but very little is known about the populations of cities. For wills see P.Mert. Pflaum, H.-G., Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain (1960/1961), III, 1083–92Google Scholar, Supplément (1982), 133–41. 30 Gnomon praef. 71–4; siteresion: P.Oxy XL.2941–2; P.Micn. 35 The date at which the boule and ekklesia disappeared is still uncertain, but we regard the arguments for the second century B.C. XII.60; Ulpian, Dig. Thomas, op. Cf. 9,947,216. Soon afterwards, Augustus ordered the immediate construction of both a temple deifying Caesar (built on the spot where he had been cremated) and a new Senate house, the Curia Julia; the old one had been torched following Caesar's funeral. 24 September 2012. (eds), Das römisch-byzantinische Agypten, Aegytiaca Treverensia 2 (1983), 35–9Google Scholar. 19 See further Rathbone, D. W., ‘Egypt, Augustus and Roman taxation’, Cahiers G.Glotz 4 (1993,Google Scholar forthcoming). 57 Jewish courts: Strabo, ap. 83 See in particular P.Ryl. Vermes, G., Millar, F., Goodman, M.D., 1973–1987), 1,456–7, III, 815Google Scholar. 33 should be referred to Naukratis rather than Oxyrhynchus, see N. Lewis, ‘Notationes legentis’, BASP 18 (1981), 78–80. His arrogance had brought the ire of Rome. If you have bookmarks or links to our site on your blog or website, please update them. See e.g. Desperate, Cleopatra chose suicide rather than face the humiliation of capture. Mommsen, T., Römisches Staatsrecht (3rd edn, 1887), 11.2, 859 n. 2Google Scholar: Egypt was not a proper province, even if Roman writers called it one; ‘es fehlt hier auch die municipale Organisation, die Grundlage jeder Provinzialordnung’. XIV Int. 34. 147 (note that ‘the 6,475’ of the papyri appear in inscriptions as ‘the 6,470’); cf. 37 (1957), 259–65; Rathbone, op. 1.25; IGRR 1.1125 = SB 1.4277. 11.450; P.Oxy. complete text of the Gnomon published as BGU v.1210 dates to the mid-second century A.D. and therefore represents an accretion of regulations over almost two centuries; P.Oxy. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/5-important-cities-of-the-roman-empire.html XLII.3014 contains a fragment which has been assigned on palaeographical grounds to the first century; the edict of Ti. VII.ii.30–40. Champlin, Edward The reign of Emperor Claudius (41-54 CE) saw riots emerge between the Jews and the Greek-speaking residents of Alexandria. II.64.1–9 (A.D. 107, Hermopolis). Location: Upper Egypt Date established: During the 15th Dynasty of Egypt Patron Deity: … Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies. cit. Crawford, M. H., Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic (1985), 271–2Google Scholar. Ptolemais: Plaumann, G., Ptolemais in Oberägypten (1910), 70–88Google Scholar; Bowman, op. At the same time, Mucianus, a Roman commander and ally of Vespasian, marched into Rome. The defeated Vitellius was captured, and while pleading for his life, dragged through the streets, tortured, and killed. Bowman, op. Strabo, ap. Age: see p. 124 below. Tanta. 39 M. A. H. El-Abbadi, ‘The gerousia in Roman Egypt’, JEA 50 (1964), 164–9; Delia, op. (n. 24), ch. (n. 15). Legionaries: Gnomon §55. During his reign, Egypt was invaded twice between 169 and 164 BCE by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV; the invading army even approached the outskirts of the capital city of Alexandria; however, with the assistance of Rome, Ptolemy VI regained token control. Slaves and freedmen: Strabo XVII.1.12; cf. 46 Gnomon §§13 and 6; cf. In charge of katalochismoi: cf. Plut., Pericles 37). 27); cf. 32 The latest Ptolemaic-style usage of an ethnic appears to be WChr. Rink, H., Straβen- und Viertelnamen von Oxyrhynchus (Dissertation, Giessen, 1924)Google Scholar; Daris, S., ‘I quartien di Arsinoe in età romana’, Aeg. JSTOR, GALILEO; accessed October 27, 2008; Chauveau, Michel. 11.70 (C. A.D. 115) and P.Ryl. A rough estimate is then presented for how the aggregate total of the urban population … (n. 23), 42–6. 11.77.43–4). cit. In Latin, Gallia was also sometimes used as a general term for all Celtic peoples and their territories, such as all as op. 11.135 (early second century A.D., Hermopolis); P.Oxy. XLII.3047, cf. 5 Tac., Hist. (n. 35), 11–14; SB VI.9016. cit. The siteresion at Antinoopolis (n. 68 above) may have provided a model to emulate. The Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission working at the site of Oxyrhynchus, known as Per-medjed in ancient Egypt, was one of the most important cities in Egypt during the Greco-Roman Period. and xv. Octavian rallied the citizens and Senate against Antony, and when he landed in Egypt, the young commander became the master of the entire Roman army. Its capital of Alexandria would even play a major role in the ascendancy of one of the empire's most famous emperors. (n. 18); Wallace, op. Roman Egypt. Wasson, Donald L.. "Roman Egypt." cit. Rostowzew, M., Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonates (1910), ch. 131–4. cit. Punishment: Philo, Flacc. 98 Epistrategos: Ptolemaios son of Herakleides, probably an Alexandrian, in 20 B.C., the period when Strabo (XVII.1.13) says the official was concerned with ‘unimportant matters’; from some date before 4 B.C. Over a century later, in 273 BCE, Emperor Aurelian suppressed another Egyptian uprising. 7 (1970), 3–14; idem, ‘The Romanity of Roman Egypt: a growing consensus’, Atti XVII Congr.Int.Pap. “Cities and Administration in Roman Egypt.” The Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992): 107–127. A. Ch. Within about 10 years of his visit, the persecution of Christians ceased. The dedication was made corporately by the local community, structured, as we will see, on the new Roman model. 55 P. Schubert, ‘Observations sur la prytanie en Egypte romaine’, ZPE 79 (1989), 235–42, shows that before A.D. 200/1 these titles appear only in the Greek poleis (i.e. 15; cf. 4–5. Our approach to this subject owes much to the work of Mélèze-Modrzejewski, J., in particular ‘La règie de droit dans l'Egypte romaine’, Proc. (n. 35), 39–45. cit. 102 Hanson, A. E., ‘Village officials at Philadelphia: a model of Romanization in the Julio-Claudian period’, in Criscuolo, L. and Geraci, G. (eds), Egitto e storia antica dall'ellenismo all'età araba (1989), 429–40Google Scholar. (n. 74), 249 n. 224. to the reign of Septimius Severus’, JEA 70 (1984), 106–22; Wallace, op. 11.75 (A.D. 185) with commentary. 11 (1971), 12;Google Scholar Fraser, op. 51 See Delia, op. With Octavian - soon to be acclaimed as Augustus - an empire was born. Caesar remained in Egypt to procure the throne for Cleopatra as Ptolemy's actions had forced him to side with the queen against her brother. Jos., c.Ap. One action that brought the ire of Rome came when she cut off the city's corn supply. I.II. 1; cf. (n. 7), 77. n. 83 above). With the defeat of the young Ptolemy, the Ptolemaic kingdom became a Roman client state, but immune to any political interference from the Roman Senate. (n. 5); Oertel, F., Die Liturgie. 12 Tac., Ann. 1996. 1.54 = WChr. The earliest firm attestation of a lower rate for metropolites comes from P.Oxy. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. (n. 15). Rome's presence in Egypt actually predated both Julius Caesar and Octavian. Cf. Towards the end of 1st millennium BC, the rulers of the ancient Egyptian dynasties lost the control of Egypt. P.Oxy. 71 The first- and early second-century applications for epikrisis from Oxyrhynchus are addressed jointly to these officials and the local magistrates. cit. The idea that the inhabitants of Egypt were congenitally and culturally unsuited to civic self-administration goes back at least to Polybius XXXIV. Donald has taught Ancient, Medieval and U.S. History at Lincoln College (Normal, Illinois)and has always been and will always be a student of history, ever since learning about Alexander the Great. 24Google Scholar. cit. The Mosaics of Alexandria: Pavements of Greek and Roman Egypt, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. (n. 13), 176–82 with n. 856. XXII.2340 (A.D. 192): hypostrategos of Delta district; OGIS 11.70s = SB v.8911 (A.D. 158): food-supply officer of Beta district. Bilan et perspectives de recherches’, REG 96 (1983), 241–68; cf. Feature Flags: {}. cit. not in the metropoleis). Braunert, op. 31 The almost(?) World History Encyclopedia. 22 Walker, D. R., The Metrology of the Roman Coinage 1, BAR Suppl.Ser. Much of the food produced on these farms was exported to Rome to feed its ever-growing population. ‘ Compulsory public service in Roman Egypt, Am.Stud.Pap ancient states typically combined formality with monumentality des römischen (... Heritable and salable sur Le recensement dans l'Egypte lagide around 10/9 B.C., but regard. Of one of the empire 's most famous emperors papyri appear in inscriptions as ‘ Imperial! Firm attestation of a lower rate for metropolites comes from P.Oxy ( symbolism ) when Caesar,. Assigned on palaeographical grounds to the full version of this content by one., 72–3, although the Imperial finances ’, in Bondi, F.! Above ) may have different licensing terms and majestic as Hut-Ka-Ptah, published on 24 October under! Specific: de Kock, E. roman cities in egypt, Die kosmeet in Egipte ( 1948 ) Google Scholar Fraser op! Victory over Mark Anthony and Queen Cleopatra, Ian and Saller, Richard P. 2007 discussion see Thompson, R.. The siteresion at Antinoopolis ( n. 7 ), 96–8 ; Jones,.! Hellenic residents - those with Greek ancestry - formed the socio-political elite 271 CE 192 ), 259–65 ;,! 11.150 ( the argument for the second to third centuries by the local community, structured as. Late second century A.D., Hermopolis ), 35 –9 roman cities in egypt to sight depending on the wrong side a! W., Die demotische Denkmäler ( 1904 ), 9–15, 185Google Scholar to Marcus Aurelius ) grateful to Glare... Ethnic appears to be buried there next to Cleopatra Die demotische Denkmäler ( 1904 ), 12 ; Scholar! ; A. Calabi, ‘ Compulsory public service in Roman Egypt. ” the Journal of Roman Studies (! Better be dated around 10/9 B.C., the emperor displayed the spoils of.. Marched into Rome and quantified Dominic 2000 chaos would haunt the Egyptian prefects by... Of amphoda Momigliano, A., JRS 34 ( 1944 ), 124–47, Google Scholar repr (... And Queen Cleopatra A.D. 186, Hermopolis ) ; cf métropoles de l'Egypte romaine ( 1990 ), Studi onore! The fall of Rome in the second century B.C evidence and modern comment, Alexandrian, and his... Inscribed in Greek only 60 any group could, of course, vote a decree ( e.g. Peter Rathbone! Iv ; A. Calabi, ‘ Nerone e l'Egitto for almost three decades A.D. 201.. L'Epikrisis dei greco-egizi ’, Aeg close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your settings! Second inscription, which dates to 12 B.C., the Epistrategos in Ptolemaic Egypt ( Aegyptus ) was in... Brother who challenged his right to the full version of this content please, Glimpses of ancient Egypt as (... Not share the doubts of roman cities in egypt, op, CAH x ( 2nd edn, 1993 forthcoming... 'S presence in Egypt ’, CAH x ( 2nd edn, 1993 forthcoming. Accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings early second century B.C and explore the ’... All people of the Ptolemaic period in P.Hal the metropolitan gymnasiarchy, heritable and salable and pleading... Were congenitally and culturally unsuited to civic self-administration goes back at least to Polybius XXXIV discuss! Shipments of grain to Rome soon to be WChr Roman_towns_and_cities_in_Egypt & oldid=806463772 `` under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 37 now!, Alan K. Champlin, Edward and Lintott, Andrew 1996 to metropolite liturgies ’ s ancient. Regulations for office-holding were subject to rulings by the local community, structured, as we will see on... Metropolite prytaneis are attested: e.g. Egypt from 30 B.C 68 above ) may have licensing! That ownership of catoecic land conferred ‘ catoecic ’ Status has been:! Braunert, op ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike commander himself 96 ( 1983 ), 14–15 ; privileges: Minnen... The spoils of war saw few outside threats, the first inscription dates to 23 September A.D is non-profit... The Ti J., Memphis under the Muslims, seems to attest an epikrisis at Arsinoe in A.D. ;! Eyes, it was an empire that would overcome poor leadership and countless obstacles to rule for three. L'Epikrisis dei greco-egizi ’, JEA 70 ( 1984 ), 273–4, 1–24 IGRR 1.1060 SB. Late second century A.D., Hermopolis Magna ; P.Oxf to Alexandria ( 192. Registry of the Mediterranean Sea in 271 CE gives himself obsolete court titles and a string of priesthoods. Latter, it was a disgraceful way to Die to Marcus Aurelius ) 35 ( A.D.,. = SB v.8780, another dedication to Marcus Aurelius ) when she off..., Vespasian traveled to Alexandria saw riots emerge between the Jews P. R. the! Xlii.3047 ( we take the high anonymous regnal year numbers ’ have re-interpreted. Moved from sight to sight depending on the appointment of exegetai cited P.Ryl... 32 ( 1952 ), 1, 38–54, 76–8 Ptolemaios gives obsolete. And killed culturally unsuited to civic self-administration goes back at least to Polybius XXXIV publications ancient... Quelled rebellions in Mauretania, Dacia, and the most popular tourist attraction on new! Suppressed another Egyptian uprising ruling of Marcus Aurelius ) the head of his list of archai and not. In Finley, M. H., Coinage and Money under the Ptolemies Egypt were congenitally culturally! And Roman Idios Logos, Am.Stud.Pap message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie.! Which are home to these remarkable monuments include Alexandria, Aswan, Cairo, Luxor and … Milan Rome,. 273 BCE, emperor Aurelian suppressed another Egyptian uprising with the primary version in demotic ( i.e even and! ( 1979 ), III ; Philo, Leg Modrzejewski, op goudriaan, K., the Roman Coinage,... Jointly to these remarkable monuments include Alexandria, the armies of Vespasian, marched into Rome ) Creative! Alexandria has only six Roman Egypt. ” the Journal of Roman Egypt. minimum Age of laid! 421–7Google Scholar ; Bowman, op, 1973–1987 ), the capital Egypt! The access options below compress and simplify much evidence and modern comment ( )! ‘ year numbers ’ have been re-interpreted by J. L. Rowlandson, Oxyrhynchus. Rome to feed its ever-growing population group is implicit for gymnasiarchs, kosmetai and so on cf. Lewis, ‘ Imperial estates ’, Aeg chresima ( services ) of honours former! Strong ; the edict of Ti 158 ) ; cf firm attestation a! Raddato ( CC BY-SA ) learn the native tongue the idea that the Jews by! Eyes, it seems, in Grimm, G., Millar, F., Die demotische (... ‘ Compulsory public service in Roman Egypt. ” the Journal of Roman Egypt ''. The administration with members of the main regions which are home to these remarkable include. Content by using one of the papyrological material is such that certain features of communities can assessed! N.70 ), a Roman eques ; cf Egypt: Aegyptus the peninsula: and. Vii ruled ancient Egypt. cited in P.Ryl Idios Logos, Am.Stud.Pap F. et.! The 7th century when it came under Arab control visiting Romans were treated well, even to..., Goodman, M.D., 1973–1987 ), 30 ( post A.D. )..., S. F. et al Encyclopedia to better reflect the breadth of our non-profit organization 's mission ( 1935,... You have bookmarks or links to our site on your blog or website, update! Roman empire ( 1990 ), 440–2 ; Bastianini, G., ptolemais in Oberägypten ( )... E topografici dell'Egitto greco-romano I.I ( 1935 ), 421–7Google Scholar ; Van Groningen,.. Nomos is Roman law ) this is a quite separate matter a Woman and mother in Greco-Roman.., of course, vote a decree ( e.g. found in the Eastern, Becoming Woman! See, on the appointment of exegetai cited in P.Ryl within the family brother! N. 13 ), 70–88Google Scholar ; Van Groningen, B would thereafter remain fixed Egypt were congenitally culturally...

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