what is the capital of algeria

For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. The history of Algiers from 1830 to 1962 is bound to the larger history of Algeria and its relationship to France. Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. Spain took control of few coastal towns like Mers el Kebir in 1505; Oran in 1509; and Tlemcen, Mostaganem and Ténès in 1510. [27], Djamaa el Kebir (Jamaa-el-Kebir الجامع الكبير) is the oldest mosque in Algiers. Its ruins now form part of the modern city's marine quarter, with the Rue de la Marine following a former Roman road. The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built. [91] In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French. The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia. The presidios in North Africa turned out to be a costly and largely ineffective military endeavour that did not guarantee access for Spain's merchant fleet. Repeated attempts were made by various nations to subdue the pirates that disturbed shipping in the western Mediterranean and engaged in slave raids as far north as Iceland. Algeria (/ æ l ˈ dʒ ɪər i ə / or / ɔː l-/), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a former French colony and the largest country in Africa. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was Algiers Province at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was Djelfa Province at 35.5%.[163]. There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria[134] including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; and the Casbah of Algiers, an important citadel. [154] Kabyle, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylie. Cakes are marketed and can be found in cities either in Algeria, in Europe or North America. [91] Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011. [110] Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion). Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Some 20 km (12 mi) to the west of Algiers are such seaside resorts as Sidi Fredj (ex-Sidi Ferruch), Palm Beach, Douaouda, Zéralda, and the Club of the Pines (residence of State); there are tourist complexes, Algerian and other restaurants, souvenir shops, supervised beaches, and other amenities. Folk music styles include Bedouin music, characterized by the poetic songs based on long kacida (poems); Kabyle music, based on a rich repertoire that is poetry and old tales passed through generations; Shawiya music, a folklore from diverse areas of the Aurès Mountains. During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the Mokrani revolt in 1871. [128] It also ranks 16th in oil reserves. Algeria won the Palme d'Or for Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), two Oscars for Z (1969), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie The Battle of Algiers. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars.[21]. Roughly three-quarters of Algeria's population live in urban areas, and thus, there are several sizable cities. This article is about the capital of Algeria. The interior is richly decorated with various coloured marbles. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the Kabylie. Algiers is the sporting centre of Algeria. It has the highest Human Development Index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent, based largely on energy exports. Mohammed Khadda[170] and M'hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.[170]. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a referendum, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. It is part of the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and département of the nation. Algeria has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves and the ninth-largest reserves of natural gas. [169], Algerian painters, like Mohamed Racim or Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities.[93]. The development of the 44 km (27 mi) sea front will include marinas, channels, luxury hotels, offices, apartments of great standing, luxury stores and leisure amenities. Due to its location on the periphery of both the Ottoman and European economic spheres, and depending for its existence on a Mediterranean that was increasingly controlled by European shipping, backed by European navies, piracy became the primary economic activity. Area 2.4 million sq km (919,595 sq miles) Major languages Arabic, French, Berber . The Crossword Solver finds answers to American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Among these cakes, there are Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya and Mghergchette. 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