23 October 2020,
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The Arabesque dome of the Māder-e Shah madrasah, Eṣfahān, Iran. You don’t have any limits.”. According to a May report by CHRI, state agents continued to use malware to conduct cyberattacks on the online accounts of minority religious groups, particularly those of Gonabadi Sufis. Ghoreishi, Hamzeh Darvish, Marivan Karkuki, and Namegh Deldel were among the Sunni inmates severely injured in the beatings. Christian groups outside the country disagree on the size of the Protestant community, with some estimates citing figures lower than 10,000, and others, such as Open Doors USA, citing numbers above 800,000. Upon appeal, the sentenced was reduced to one year. The Guardian Council also vets all candidates for the Assembly of Experts, president, and parliament and supervises elections for those bodies. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom, Section III. International media and human rights activists reported authorities in Qarchak Prison for Women routinely targeted Gonabadi Sufi inmates for mistreatment and denied them access to legal counsel. According to Mohabat News, the government routinely propagated anti-Christian publications and online materials, such as the 2017 book Christian Zionism in the Geography of Christianity. Yarsanis outside the country reported widespread discrimination against Yarsanis continued. The religion Zoroastrianism is believed by some to have originated in what is now Afghanistan between 1800 and 800 BCE, as its founder Zoroaster is thought to have lived and died in Balkh while the region at the time was referred to as Ariana. The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance and the Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) monitor religious activity. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Popular protest and the Constitutional Revolution, Presidential term of Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani: reconstruction and liberalization, First presidential term of Mohammad Khatami: reformist movement and conservative intervention, Second presidential term of Mohammad Khatami: continued intervention, First presidential term of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: conservatives return to power, Second presidential term of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: growing discontent and unrest, First and second presidential terms of Hassan Rouhani: economic recovery and renewed economic crisis, Foreign affairs since 1989: continuing tension abroad, Nuclear deal reached: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Coordinator for the Arctic Region, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation, Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights, Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, Office of International Religious Freedom, Office of the Special Envoy To Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Office of the Science and Technology Adviser, Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services, Bureau of Information Resource Management, Office of Management Strategy and Solutions, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, U.S. According to AI, Sotoudeh’s conviction and sentencing came as a result of her “peaceful human rights work, including her defense of women protesting against Iran’s degrading forced-hijab laws.” In June 2018 authorities arrested Sotoudeh, who represented opposition activists, including women prosecuted for removing their mandatory headscarf, and she remained in Evin Prison at year’s end. According to the reports, the three were initially held at an unknown location without the right to legal counsel and were accused of “propaganda against the regime.” According to an updated October Iran Wire report, the three were detained in the central prison of Semnan and the judge handling the case held them without clear reason, despite the completion of their interrogations three months prior. JorgeTheTraveller, from Portugal, on TripAdvisor Secondly, Amir Chakhmak is a hussainiya, i.e., ceremony halls in the Shi’i tradition, and they show how religion is deeply entrenched in the Iranian culture and society. In November the United States again voted in the UN General Assembly in favor of a resolution expressing concern about Iran’s human rights practices, including the continued persecution of religious minorities. Public and private universities continued to deny Baha’is admittance and to expel Baha’i students once their religion became known. Yarsanis are mainly located in Loristan and the Kurdish regions. The agents then changed all the locks, tore down a cross from the church tower, ordered the church warden to leave the premises while they installed closed circuit television and other monitoring systems, and barred the congregants from holding services in the building. The U.S. government used public statements, sanctions, and diplomatic initiatives in international forums to condemn the government’s abuses and restrictions on worship by religious minorities. According to the report, supporters of Safajou conducted a poll that showed 81 percent of respondents disapproved of his expulsion. Many Iranians are languishing in jails, including the Great Tehran Penitentiary and Evin Prison, simply for exercising their fundamental freedom to worship, observe, practice, and teach their faiths. International media and NGOs reported continued government-sponsored anti-Christian propaganda to deter the practice of or conversion to Christianity. Human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) continued to report the disproportionately large number of executions of Sunni prisoners, particularly Kurds, Baluchis, and Arabs. CHRI and international media reported authorities in February sentenced Mehdi Moghaddari, a member of the Isfahan City Council, to six months in prison for his social media support of Hajati and Baha’i rights. Any citizen who is not a registered member of one of these three groups, or who cannot prove his or her family was Christian prior to 1979, is considered Muslim. While Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians are recognized in the constitution of 1979 as official minorities, the revolutionary atmosphere in Iran was not conducive to equal treatment of non-Muslims. The courts also issue rulings based on independent interpretation of Islamic legal sources. According to World Christian Database statistics, there are approximately 547,000 Christians. Religious minorities in Iran have struggled under the Islamic Republic during the past 40 years. It states these schools may follow their own jurisprudence in matters of religious education and certain personal affairs, including marriage, divorce, and inheritance. 03 / Select Countries You can add more than one country or area. Officials stated the students had “incomplete files” or their names were not in the registration list. International media and human rights NGOs reported the government previously detained him for 10 days in 2018 for defending the “false Baha’i faith” after he tweeted about his attempts to free two Baha’i detainees. The number of Roman Catholics in the country is estimated to be 21,000. There are two seats reserved for Armenian Christians, one for Assyrian and Chaldean Christians together, one for Jews, and one for Zoroastrians. There are no official statistics available on the number of Muslims who practice Sufism, although unofficial reports estimate several million. The Iran Prison Atlas, a database compiled by the U.S.-based NGO United for Iran, stated at least 109 members of minority religious groups remained imprisoned for being “religious minority practitioners.” Of the prisoners in the Atlas database, at least 103 were imprisoned on charges of “enmity against God”, 49 for “insulting the Supreme Leader and Ayatollah Khomeini,” 15 for “insulting the Prophet or Islam,” and 15 for “corruption on earth.” At least 10 were arrested for a charge referring to groups taking arms against the government (“baghi”), which officials have used in recent years instead of “enmity against God.”. The MOE supervises the private schools operated by recognized minority religious groups and imposes certain curriculum requirements. There were continued reports of authorities placing restrictions on Baha’i businesses or forcing them to shut down after they temporarily closed in observance of Baha’i holidays, or of authorities threatening shop owners with potential closure, even though by law, businesses may close without providing a reason for up to 15 days a year. Authorities originally arrested and convicted the two prisoners for armed robbery. Last month, the regime threw a city councilman in prison for calling for something so simple as the release of two Baha’is.”, On August 2, in response to media reports of Christian convert Mahrokh Kanbari’s prison sentence, the Vice President stated on Twitter, “I am appalled to hear reports that Iran’s despotic rulers have punished yet another Christian woman for exercising her freedom to worship. AI urged authorities to undertake immediately an impartial investigation into Alboghbiesh’s death and to hold accountable anyone found responsible. The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims of the Ithnā ʿAsharī, or Twelver, Shiʿi branch, which is the official state religion. According to recent estimates from Armenian Christians who maintain contact with the Iranian Christian community in the country, their current numbers are approximately 40,000 to 50,000 – significantly reduced from a peak of approximately 300,000 prior to 1979. The United States has no diplomatic relations with the country, and therefore did not have opportunities to raise concerns in a bilateral setting with the government about its religious freedom abuses and restrictions. IPW reported in January the Isfahan Court of Appeals sentenced, in separate judgments, nine Baha’is to prison sentences averaging more than five years each. By law, non-Muslims may not engage in public persuasion or attempted conversion of Muslims. The last religion to enter Iran was Islam. Baluchi rights activists reported continued arbitrary arrests, physical abuse, and unfair trials of journalists and human rights activists. Iran’s constitution is a unique hybrid that blends the concepts in a modern republic—borrowing heavily from French and Belgian law—with Islamic Sharia. According to media reports and Article 18, an NGO promoting religious freedom and supporting Iranian Christians, MOIS agents raided the homes of eight converts to Christianity on July 1 in Bushehr, placing them in solitary confinement and denying them access to legal counsel. Iran must free Mahrokh Kanbari today. The agents inspected their phones, notebooks, and cars and forced them to return to Zahedan. The Ministry of Education (MOE) determines the religious curricula of public schools. According to the 2011 census, the number of individuals who are areligious rose by 20 percent between 2006 and 2011, which supports observations by academics and others that the number of atheists, agnostics, nonbelievers, and religiously unaffiliated living in the country is growing. According to the report, the court authorities did not allow the defendants to have their lawyer present during the hearing. Sunni students and students from recognized minority religious groups must take and pass the courses on Shia Islam, although they may also take separate courses on their own religious beliefs. The supreme leader, the country’s head of state, oversees extrajudicial special clerical courts, which are not provided for by the constitution. Whether Sunni, Sufi, Baha’i, Jewish, or Christian, America will stand up for people of faith in Iran like Mahrokh and Pastor Bet Tamraz, whose persecutions are an affront to religious freedom.” The United States supported the rights of members of minority religious groups in the country through actions in the United Nations. Similarly, according to the same report, intelligence agents detained another group of Sunni seminary students traveling from Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchistan Province to Khaf, in Khorasan Province. He was released on bail on February 4. Two articles are particularly relevant to the status of Iran’s religious minorities, who make up about one or two percent … In response, many Christian converts reportedly practiced their religion in secret. According to Census 2000, 50.9 percent of Iranian immigrants have attained a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to a 28.0 percent national average. Sunnis reported continued underrepresentation in government-appointed positions in provinces where they formed a majority, such as Kurdistan and Khuzestan, as well as an inability to obtain senior government positions. On January 19, media and NGOs reported a wave of expulsions of Baha’is from universities because of their religion. Critics stated the government continued to use extrajudicial special clerical courts to control non-Shia Muslim clerics, as well as to prosecute Shia clerics who expressed controversial ideas and participated in activities outside the sphere of religion, such as journalism or reformist political activities. A Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology order requires universities to exclude Baha’is from access to higher education or to expel them if their religious affiliation becomes known. Non-Muslims may not be elected to a representative body or hold senior government, intelligence, or military positions, with the exception of five of the 290 parliament seats reserved by the constitution for recognized religious minorities. The government bars Baha’is from all government employment and forbids Baha’i participation in the governmental social pension system. The government continued to incarcerate numerous prisoners on various charges related to religion. According to human rights activists, the government continued to target Christians who converted from Islam, using arbitrary arrests, physical abuse, and other forms of harsh treatment. To register for the university entrance examination, Baha’i students must answer a basic multiple-choice question and identify themselves as followers of a religion other than Baha’i (e.g., Muslim, Christian, Jewish, or Zoroastrian). Sunni students reported professors continued to routinely insult Sunni religious figures in class. Estimates by the Assyrian Church of the total Assyrian and Chaldean Christian population put their combined number at 7,000. International media and the Sunni community continued to report authorities prevented the building of any new Sunni mosques in Tehran. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians are the most significant religious minorities. On August 10, MOIS agents arrested Monireh Bavil Saqlaei, Minou Zamanipour, and Gholamhossein Mazloumi in their homes in Tehran and transferred them to Evin Prison. The constitution also stipulates five non-Ja’afari Islamic schools shall be “accorded full respect” and official status in matters of religious education and certain personal affairs. They stated Yarsani children were socially ostracized in school and in shared community facilities. Small communities of Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians are also found throughout the country. Sixteen of the defendants in the case are followers of Taheri and the Erfan-e Halgheh group. Authorities also reportedly barred unregistered or unrecognized Christians from entering church premises and closed churches that allowed the latter to enter. Religious toleration, one of the characteristics of Iran during the Pahlavi monarchy, came to an end with the Islamic revolution in 1979. Shia Muslims make up the largest religious group in Iran, comprising an BIC continued to report instances of physical violence committed against Baha’is based on their faith. And believers are routinely fined, flogged, and arrested in Iran. According to the United States Institute of Peace, the government continued to monitor statements and views of senior Shia religious leaders who did not support government policies or Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei’s views. Baha’is reported there were continued incidents of destruction or vandalism of their cemeteries. In March CHRI reported the mass sentencing of 23 Gonabadi Sufi dervishes to prison terms of up to 26 years each on charges of “assembly and collusion against national security,” “disobeying police,” and “disturbing public order.” According to media, these individuals were among the more than 300 Gonabadi Sufis arrested in 2018 for protesting the house arrest of their spiritual leader and the arrest of a fellow devotee, Nematollah Riah. Even when arrested, perpetrators faced diminished punishment following admissions that their acts were based on the religious identity of the victim. Similarly, according to BIC, authorities expelled Shadi Shogi, a Baha’i student at Najafabad University of Applied Science and Technology, after four terms of study. They reported authorities often pressured family members of those in prison to remain silent. A contender for this status is ordinarily referred to by the honorific hojatoleslām (Arabic ḥujjat al-Islām, “proof of Islam”). The population, according to one international NGO, includes 5,000-10,000 Sabean-Mandaeans. According to a new survey of 50,000 Iranians—90 percent residing in Iran—by GAMAAN, a Netherlands-based research group, 1.5 percent identified as … UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran Rehman expressed deep concern about the government’s use of “excessive” force during the November protests in provinces with a majority population of ethnic minorities. “Within the limits of the law” they have permission to perform religious rites and ceremonies and to form religious societies. According to Payam News, officials initially arrested Koushk-Baghi in March 2016 while he was visiting his wife, who was imprisoned at Evin Prison. On December 18, the Secretary of State redesignated Iran as a CPC and identified the existing sanctions as ongoing travel restrictions based on serious human rights abuses under section 221(a)(1)(C) of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, pursuant to section 402(c)(5) of the Act. Baha’is reported there was continued destruction and vandalism of their cemeteries. The total population in Iran was estimated at 84.0 million people in 2020, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. Since the BIHE’s online and offline operations remained illegal, students and teachers continued to face the risk of arrest for participation. More than 90 percent of Iran’s people are Shia Muslims. Iran 2020 population is estimated at 83,992,949 people at mid year according to UN data. According to her son, authorities held Badrnejad in solitary confinement for 50 days in the Intelligence Ministry’s detention center and in Ahwaz’s Sepidar Prison. Iran Religion, Economy and Politics The major part (89%) of the population in Iran is Shi'a Muslim, 10% is Sunni Muslim, and the remaining 1% are Christian, Zoroastrian, Baha’i and Jewish. …Last year, the Iranian government sentenced more than 200 Gonabadi Sufis to lengthy prison terms and other harsh punishments after security forces cracked down on Gonabadi Sufis peacefully protesting the detention of one of their fellow faith members. The constitution states the military must be Islamic, must be committed to Islamic ideals, and must recruit individuals who are committed to the objectives of the Islamic revolution. Government officials continued to employ anti-Semitic rhetoric in official statements and to sanction it in media outlets, publications, and books. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. They also deplored the high number of deaths and arrests in ethnic and religious minority provinces that, according to the organizations, resulted from the government’s excessive use of force against protesters during November demonstrations. It extended preservation efforts to Armenian holy sites and allowed nationals of Armenian descent and Armenian visitors to observe religious and cultural traditions within their churches and dedicated clubs. According to the report, “The special rapporteur is deeply concerned about the situation of members of the Gonabadi Dervish community who remain in detention in Qarchak Prison without access to their lawyers since the protests of 2018. Alboghbiesh’s mother and brother were arrested with him and remained detained at year’s end. The United States has no diplomatic relations with the country. On September 23, the Tehran revolutionary court sentenced Haghnejad and eight members of the church to five years in prison after a short trial. Iran is located in the western region of Asia, bordered by Turkmenistan, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf. The law prohibits Muslim citizens from changing or renouncing their religious beliefs. In March international media reported police in Arak arrested a couple on charges of “undermining Islamic chastity” after an individual posted a video on social media of the young man proposing to the young woman. According to the reports, Nazifi had received awards and recognition the prior year for her academic achievement. HRANA reported the expulsion of Baha’i Sama Nazifi, a student of architecture at Azad University in Shahriar. Perhaps not surprisingly, in the three countries where Shias are clearly in the majority – Iran, Iraq and Azerbaijan – Shias are much more likely than Sunnis to say they are very free to practice their faith. The attestation serves as a marriage certificate and allows for basic recognition of the union but does not offer legal protections in marital disputes. The two cornerstones of Iranian Shiʿism are the promise of the return of the divinely inspired 12th imam—Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ḥujjah, whom the Shiʿah believe to be the mahdi—and the veneration of his martyred forebears. The constitution defines the country as an Islamic republic and specifies Twelver Ja’afari Shia Islam as the official state religion. Human rights groups raised concerns regarding the use of torture, beatings in custody, forced confessions, poor prison conditions, and denials of access to legal counsel. He ran the Sapir Hospital in Tehran, which played a key role in treating revolutionaries throughout 1978-79 and which continued to have a Hebrew phrase from the Torah over its entrance. On September 25, local media reported several government sources criticized Sufi beliefs in reaction to announced plans to produce a film about the life of Sufi Persian poet Shams Tabrizi. The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims of the Ithnā ʿAsharī, or Twelver, Shiʿi branch, which is the official state religion. The law authorizes collection of “blood money,” or diyeh, as restitution to families for Muslims and members of recognized religious minorities who are victims of murder, bodily harm, or property damage. Ayatollah Nasser Makarem-Shirazi said, “Considering that this [film] will promote the deviant Sufi sect, it is religiously forbidden and should be avoided.” Ayatollah Hossein Nouri-Hamedani said, “According to Imam Sadeq, the Sufi sect is our enemy and promoting it in any way is not permitted and is religiously forbidden [haram].”. According to CHRI, Shahreza reportedly retained 200 pellets in his body, which had led to the infections. According to Radio Zamaneh, authorities expelled Badi Safajou, a Baha’i student in chemical engineering at Azad University of Sciences and Research in Tehran with a high grade–point average, during his seventh term. The government reportedly required Jewish schools to remain open on Saturdays, in violation of Jewish religious law, to conform to the schedule of other schools. On August 3, according to the reports, authorities detained two Baha’is from Karaj: Abolfazl Ansari and Rouhollah Zibaei. Mullahs staff the vast majority of local religious posts in Iran. ancient Iran religions and Iranian religions, in general, are some religions or religious movements that explain issues based on the cultural model and beliefs of Iranians. Security officials monitored registered congregation centers to perform identity checks on worshippers to confirm non-Christians or converts did not participate in services. The government continued to allow recognized minority religious groups to establish community centers and certain self-financed cultural, social, athletic, and/or charitable associations. From what I have seen here in the USA, all Iranians I have met are not religious or they practice another religion other than Islam. According to the report, guards observed the attack but did nothing to intervene. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, 2019 Report on International Religious Freedom, Section II. Secularism and atheism > Population considering religion unimportant: Percentage of population who says religion is not important in their daily lives. The government continued to maintain separate election processes for the five seats reserved for representatives of the recognized religious minority communities in parliament. According to HRANA and IPW, on January 21, eight MOIS agents arrested and imprisoned a Baha’i woman living in Tehran, Atousa Ahamadayi, following a search of her house and the confiscation of some of her personal belongings, including books, laptops, and religious material. It states all laws and regulations based on “ Islamic criteria ” an..., recognizable by their particular mustaches, continued serving a five–year sentence three.. Reported 29 prominent political and social force in Iran iran religion percentage the BIHE ’ s.! And Tehrān was already legally married socially ostracized in iran religion percentage and in languages other than,! 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