hegel phenomenology of spirit summary

For more details, see the article on the. This is why Hegel uses the term "phenomenology". [19] This is frequently compared to Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory. Consciousness is always pulled in two different directions. Secondly, the book abounds with both highly technical argument in philosophical language, and concrete examples, either imaginary or historical, of developments by people through different states of consciousness. The Phenomenology of Spirit (German: Phänomenologie des Geistes) (1807) is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's most widely discussed philosophical work; its German title can be translated as either The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind. The first term, 'thesis', deserves its anti-thesis simply because it is too abstract. Martin Heidegger saw it as the foundation of a larger "System of Science" that Hegel sought to develop,[10] while Alexandre Kojève saw it as akin to a "Platonic Dialogue ... between the great Systems of history. 3) Self-awareness reaching reason: self-mortification. This science of phenomena aims to capture the essence of things in the world. Whoever looks for the stereotype of the allegedly Hegelian dialectic in Hegel's Phenomenology will not find it. It is the view of science and the starting point for philosophical inquiry. In other words, one becomes aware of oneself through the eyes of another. The Phenomenology occupies a crucial place in the development of Hegel’s thought. Thus, in the book’s first major section, “Consciousness,” Hegel demonstrates that consideration of even the apparently most basic forms of knowing, such as sense perception, produces in the knowing subject an awareness of both itself as knowing and of other knowing subjects. "[28] The idea is supremely suggestive but in the end, untenable according to Kaufmann: "The idea of arranging all significant points of view in such a single sequence, on a ladder that reaches from the crudest to the most mature, is as dazzling to contemplate as it is mad to try seriously to implement it". The work is usually abbreviated as PdG (Phänomenologie des Geistes), followed by the pagination or paragraph number of the German original edition. The-Philosophy.com - 2008-2019, The Phenomenology of Spirit, or the adventure of consciousness, Phenomenology of Spirit, Chapters 1-3: Consciousness, Phenomenology of Spirit, Chapter 4: Self-Awareness, Phenomenology of Spirit, Chapters 5-8: Spirit and Absolute Knowledge. Focusing on topics in metaphysics, epistemology, physics, ethics, history, religion, perception, consciousness, and political philosophy, it is where Hegel develops his concepts of dialectic (including the master–slave dialectic), absolute idealism, ethical life, and Aufhebung. However, this process is not smooth and there is always an element of uncertainty and imprecision, because objects exist in a range of variations make it difficult to match them to universal categories. Spirit or Geist is divided into three chapters: "The Ethical Order", "Culture", and "Morality". In the remainder of the Phenomenology, Hegel depicts the experiences of this divided human self. Thus, in attempting to resolve the discord between knowledge and object, consciousness inevitably alters the object as well. At the end of this epic, Hegel has built a science of consciousness, allowing him to move from childhood (the sentient consciousness), the self-awareness. Hegel’s profound discussion of the tensions between divine law and human law in Sophocles’ play Antigone exemplifies his view that the Greek ethical world had within it the seeds of its own destruction. Each phase is therefore a partial revelation of Geist. If consciousness just pays attention to what is actually present in itself and its relation to its objects, it will see that what looks like stable and fixed forms dissolve into a dialectical movement. Out of these experiences arises self-consciousness. Furthermore, according to some readers, Hegel may have changed his conception of the project over the course of the writing. To resolve this paradox, Hegel adopts a method whereby the knowing that is characteristic of a particular stage of consciousness is evaluated using the criterion presupposed by consciousness itself. At each stage, consciousness knows something, and at the same time distinguishes the object of that knowledge as different from what it knows. From this intuition, Hegel traces the epic adventure of the consciousness through its various stages, the evolution of consciousness, from sensitive consciousness to the absolute spirit. Hegel was putting the finishing touches to this book as Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on October 14, 1806, in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city. (Critical Survey of Ethics and Literature). This last line sums up Hegel's entire philosophy of human existence. The Phenomenology of Spirit is thus the history of consciousness in the lived world. "Absolute Knowing," for Hegel, is not to be confused with foundational knowledge, which is oxymoronic in Hegelian philosophy, instead, the Absolute is an endpoint of History, "spirit knowing itself as spirit" (§808, p.467).[18]. (P184). Through Phenomenology, he will form a closed philosophical system, which aims to cover the whole of human existence, to answer all the questions about man, the world and God. See Kojéve (1980, p.155). Hegel also argues strongly against the epistemological emphasis of modern philosophy from Descartes through Kant, which he describes as having to first establish the nature and criteria of knowledge prior to actually knowing anything, because this would imply an infinite regress, a foundationalism that Hegel maintains is self-contradictory and impossible. Independent from any institution or philosophical thought, the site is maintained by a team of former students in human sciences, now professors or journalists. Electronic versions of the English translation of Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind are available at: Detailed audio commentary by an academic: 1807 book by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Identities, differences and arguments logically expressed, sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunnIrwin2014 (, 'Time' and 'Space' are absolutely key concepts here. Enlightenment, for example, is expressed by individualism, but in its most extreme form, individualism leads to despotism and political terrorism. At the end of Chapter 4, Hegel describes the “unhappy consciousness”, the result of the negation of the world and the religious consciousness, itself the product of fear of death. Hence the Phenomenology of Spirit is an introduction to philosophy, systematically tracing the development of consciousness up the level of what we properly call philosophical consciousness (reason; knowledge of the Absolute).However the book is definitely not an introduction to philosophy in the sense that it is a preparation for doing philosophy since Hegel deemed that impossible. The triad terms, 'abstract–negative–concrete' contain an implicit explanation for the flaws in Kant's terms. Complete summary of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit. Self-awareness is the awareness of another self-consciousness. Stoicism, skepticism, the unhappy consciousness of religion, the development of modern philosophy from Descartes to Kant, the opportunities and perils of freedom in the era of the French Revolution, the phases of religious development in human history—all these are subsumed into Hegel’s story of the development of Geist, or “spirit.” Geist is the larger rational plan of which all phases of the development of human consciousness are instances. Religion is divided into three chapters: "Natural Religion", "Religion in the Form of Art", and "The Revealed Religion". [29] While Kaufmann viewed Hegel as right in seeing that the way a view is reached is not necessarily external to the view itself; since on the contrary a knowledge of the development, including the prior positions, through which a human being passed before adopting a position may make all the difference when it comes to comprehending his or her position, some aspects of the conception are still somewhat absurd and some of the details bizarre. In Hegel’s famous examination of the master-servant relationship in the section “Self-Consciousness,” he graphically describes the social yet divided character of human experience. Consciousness is divided into three chapters: "Sense-Certainty", "Perception", and "Force and the Understanding". State University of New York Press, 1999. Chapter 6 of the Phenomenology, in which Hegel examines the development of Geist from the Greeks down to his own time, is the section of the book that is germane to ethics. In striving to fulfill that aim, Hegel developed a view of the subject who experiences, knows, and acts, which was in conscious opposition to any and all views of subjectivity that were empirical (for example, John Locke), naturalistic (for example, much of the thought of the Enlightenment), or transcendental (for example, Immanuel Kant). The Spirit is the place of ethical, laws and customs. Φ 73. The-Philosophy helps high-school & university students but also curious people on human sciences to quench their thirst for knowledge. In fact, according to Hegel, there is a tension between the individual act of knowing and the universality of concepts related to this act. At the end of the process, when the object has been fully "spiritualized" by successive cycles of consciousness' experience, consciousness will fully know the object and at the same time fully recognize that the object is none other than itself. INTRODUCTION. Hegel's Phenomenology of Self-consciousness: text and commentary [A translation of Chapter IV of the Phenomenology, with accompanying essays and a translation of "Hegel's summary of self-consciousness from 'The Phenomenology of Spirit' in the Philosophical Propaedeutic"], by Leo Rauch and David Sherman. One would expect that, when consciousness finds that its knowledge does not agree with its object, consciousness would adjust its knowledge to conform to its object.

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