iran–iraq war combatants

The report further stated that "the use of chemical weapons appear[ed] to be more extensive [in 1981] than in 1984." [citation needed], In addition, the area around the Shatt al-Arab posed no obstacle for the Iraqis, as they possessed river crossing equipment. Patriotic Front (03-11) Even if before the outbreak of the conflict there had been some encroachment by Iran on Iraqi territory, such encroachment did not justify Iraq's aggression against Iran—which was followed by Iraq's continuous occupation of Iranian territory during the conflict—in violation of the prohibition of the use of force, which is regarded as one of the rules of jus cogens...On one occasion I had to note with deep regret the experts' conclusion that "chemical weapons ha[d] been used against Iranian civilians in an area adjacent to an urban center lacking any protection against that kind of attack. Citing the report of four chemical warfare experts whom the UN had sent to Iran in February and March 1986, the secretary general called on Baghdad to end its violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol on the use of chemical weapons. [100] Iranian military advisors organised the Kurds into raiding parties of 12 guerrillas, which would attack Iraqi command posts, troop formations, infrastructure (including roads and supply lines), and government buildings. Soldiers of Heaven (03-11) [78], The air and small-boat attacks, however, did little damage to Persian Gulf state economies, and Iran moved its shipping port to Larak Island in the Strait of Hormuz. People of the American Civil War by state, Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Foreign relations during the Iran–Iraq War, the CIA began covertly directing non-U.S. origin hardware to Saddam Hussein's armed forces, Sale of high-tech military equipment and uranium, Several billion dollars in funding; sale of land and sea mines as well as uranium, Sold domestically-produced arms; acted as an intermediate for covert sales by the Soviet Union, Soviet satellites, and China, Sold houlder-launched surface-to-air missile; unaccountable and covert financial support for Iran by Pakistan, Provided chemical warfare precursors; acted as a transshipment point for weapons; was manufacturing site of foreign-designed weapons, Weapons-related equipment and ‘Sodium cyanide for chemical weapons and plutonium and gas spectrometers’, Several billion dollars worth of economic aid; the sale of dual-use technology and non-U.S. origin weaponry; military intelligence; Special Operations training; direct involvement in warfare, http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrad/sources.html, Statement by former NSC official Howard Teicher, Leaked Report Says German and US Firms Supplied Arms to Saddam, "The 1980-1988 Iran–Iraq War: A Cold War International History Project Critical Oral History Conference", http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=90411, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2009/N3248.pdf, "Astros II Artillery Saturation Rocket System", http://www.army-technology.com/projects/astros/, "The Combination of Iraqi offensives and Western intervention force Iran to accept a cease-fire: September 1987 to March 1989", http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap10.pdf, http://www.iranalmanac.com/news/lastnews.php?newsid=10436, "The Iran-Iraq War: Serving American Interests", http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/iran_iraq_war_american_interest.php, http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/publications/display?url=lm/1999/italy.html, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2004/isg-final-report/ch2_anxd_img06.jpg, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325644/Kuwait/93658/Iran-Iraq-War, http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55230108, "The History and Politics of the Iran-Iraq War", http://www.iranian.com/History/2005/May/Bahadori/IranIraqWar.doc, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/United-Arab-Emirates-HISTORY.html, http://www.mongabay.com/history/yugoslavia/yugoslavia-arms_sales.html, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/International_aid_to_combatants_in_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War?oldid=4384329, Sale of ammunition, armoured cars, and tactical multiple rocket launcher, Financial support and conduit for arms sales, Some financial support and military exports, Sale of military equipment, including fighter aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, rocket launchers, tanks, and artillery, Sale of conventional and chemical weapons, especially ammunition and explosives, Sale of weapons, especially ammunition and explosives, Weapons sales (more than $2 billion worth), Sale of military armament (Artillery systems). [181] Shortly after the end of the war, it was thought that Iran suffered even more than a million dead. In March 1988, Iraq was again charged with a major use of chemical warfare while retaking Halabjah, a Kurdish town in northeastern Iraq, near the Iranian border. [158][159] While Iranian forces crossed the border and captured the eastern section of Basra Governorate, the operation ended in a stalemate. [78]:36 The Iranians captured several thousand Iraqi troops and a large number of tanks. [127], At first, Saddam attempted to ensure that the Iraqi population suffered from the war as little as possible. [88], However, the attacks came to a halt and the Iranians turned to defensive measures. Window after window, block after block, displayed black-bordered photographs of teenage or preteen youths. [78][84] Iran supported a government in exile for Iraq, the Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, led by exiled Iraqi cleric Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim, which was dedicated to overthrowing the Ba'ath party. It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region. The Iraqgate scandal revealed that an Atlanta branch of Italy's largest bank, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, relying largely on U.S. taxpayer-guaranteed loans, funneled $5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989. [136], In Operation Before the Dawn, launched 6 February 1983, the Iranians shifted focus from the southern to the central and northern sectors. The United Nations deployed a small contingent to Iraq to protect UN staff and guard their compounds. [76]:2, Iraq began to focus on using defense in depth to defeat the Iranians. Armaments, munitions and ballistic missiles. [161] Iraq also increased their airstrikes against Kharg Island and Iranian oil tankers. [76] Saddam commenced a policy of total war, gearing most of his country towards defending against Iran. [75] To discourage airborne commando landings, the Iraqis also placed metal spikes and destroyed cars in areas likely to be used as troop landing zones. [87] Iran still had at least 1,000 operational tanks and several hundred functional aircraft, and could cannibalize equipment to procure spare parts. [78] Iraq also began launching air raids against Iranian border cities, greatly increasing the practice by 1984. "Civil Uprisings in Modern Sudan: The 'Khartoum Springs' of 1964 and 1985", p. 136. [137] Iraq managed to contain Iran's offensives in the south, but was under serious pressure, as the Iranians were slowly overwhelming them. While revolutionary Iran had been bloodied, Iraq was left with a large military and was a regional power, albeit with severe debt, financial problems, and labor shortages. Following this, the next five years saw Iran go on the offensive[67] until Iraq took back the initiative in mid-1988, and whose major offensives led to the final conclusion of the war. [78] The crackdown on Kurds saw 8,000 members of the Barzani clan, whose leader (Massoud Barzani) also led the Kurdistan Democratic Party, similarly executed. [49][61] Thousands of civilians on both sides died in air raids and ballistic missile attacks. [75] Under heavy Iranian pressure, the Iraqi forces retreated. [133], By 29 February, the Iranians had reached the outskirts of Qurna and were closing in on the Baghdad–Basra highway. Sold jet engines for F-4 Phantom aircraft. International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia During the Iran–Iraq War , Iraq received large quantities of weapons and other material useful to the development of armaments and weapons of mass destruction. History Says Yes", "Iranian casualties during the eight years of Iraq-Iran conflict", "Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations", "Iran and Iraq remember war that cost more than a million lives", "Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations", "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. [198] In 1983, Saddam signed an autonomy agreement with Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), though Saddam later reneged on the agreement. [citation needed], In 1982, Reagan removed Iraq from the list of countries "supporting terrorism" and sold weapons such as howitzers to Iraq via Jordan. Civilians were instructed to clear marshlands to prevent Iranian amphibious infiltrations and to help build fixed defenses. [94]:261 The first known chemical weapons attack by Iraq on Iran probably took place during the fighting around Susangerd.[95]. Iraq correctly deduced that Iran's defences at the crossing points around the Karkheh and Karoun Rivers were undermanned and that the rivers could be easily crossed. [58] Other estimates put Iranian casualties up to 600,000. Within a few weeks, Tehran opened another front in the shallow lakes of the Hawizah Marshes, just east of Al Qurnah, in Iraq, near the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Iraq had an even larger clandestine purchasing network, involving 10–12 allied countries, to maintain ambiguity over their arms purchases and to circumvent "official restrictions". [88][111] This would be followed up by the more experienced Revolutionary Guard infantry, who would breach the weakened Iraqi lines,[88][98] and followed up by the regular army using mechanized forces, who would maneuver through the breach and attempt to encircle and defeat the enemy. This would become known as the "War of the Cities". West Germany and United Kingdom also provided dual use technology that allowed Iraq to expand its missile program and radar defenses. [78] On 17 July 1979, despite Khomeini's call, Saddam gave a speech praising the Iranian Revolution and called for an Iraqi-Iranian friendship based on non-interference in each other's internal affairs. U.S. Admiral William J. Crowe later admitted on Nightline that Vincennes was in Iranian territorial waters when it launched the missiles.

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