exxon valdez oil spillbuckeye terminal map

Click on the image below to view the NOAA Hazmat Trajectory Model of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. At the time, both scientific advice and public pressure was to clean everything, but since then, a much greater understanding of natural and facilitated remediation processes has developed, due somewhat in part to the opportunity presented for study by the Exxon Valdez spill. The song is written in the style of a sea shanty. [citation needed], Forget the drunken skipper fable. At the Council’s January 19, 2021 meeting, the Council approved a limited extension of the oil spill area boundary eastward to incorporate the Copper River Delta and the Bering River, including its headwaters (see Resolution 21-03).Restoration activities will still occur primarily within the Spill Area. The company spent $2 billion on cleanup operations, and another $1.8 billion on habitat restoration and personal damages. In 2010, a CNN report alleged that many oil spill cleanup workers involved in the Exxon Valdez response had subsequently become sick. On December 6, 2002, Holland announced that he had reduced the damages to $4 billion, which he concluded was justified by the facts of the case and was not grossly excessive. Oiled mussel beds and other tidal shoreline habitats may take up to 30 years to recover. At the Council’s January 19, 2021 meeting, the Council approved a limited extension of the oil spill area boundary eastward to incorporate the Copper River Delta and the Bering River, including its headwaters (see Resolution 21-03). A thorough root cause analysis built as a Cause Map captures all of the causes in a simple, intuitive format. To commemorate the 25 years since the Exxon Valdez oil spill, take a peek at what is in Gary Shigenaka's personal collection of Exxon Valdez artifacts. Landowners, fishing groups, and conservation organizations questioned the use of chemicals on hundreds of miles of shoreline when other alternatives might have been available. [38], Also, in 1991, Exxon made a quiet, separate financial settlement of damages with a group of seafood producers known as the Seattle Seven for the disaster's effect on the Alaskan seafood industry. [67][68] The village of Chenega was transformed into an emergency base and media outlet. “Fifty years after the atom bomb, Hiroshima and Nagasaki are gleaming, thriving metropolises. The third mate failed to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue or excessive workload. Exxon responded in a statement to CNN: After 20 years, there is no evidence suggesting that either cleanup workers or the residents of the communities affected by the Valdez spill have had any adverse health effects as a result of the spill or its cleanup. All categories of oil are represented. [69] Many Native Americans were worried that too much time was spent on the fishery and not enough on the land that supports subsistence hunting. Photos of oil-soaked birds and other wildlife in Prince William Sound reinforced just how inadequate the patchwork of existing federal, state, and local laws were at preventing or addressing the Exxon Valdez oil spill.. Oil covered over 1200 miles of rocky beaches — the task of cleaning it up was a big one. [71], In December 1994, the Unabomber assassinated Burson-Marsteller executive Thomas Mosser, accusing him of having "helped Exxon clean up its public image after the Exxon Valdez incident". Because Prince William Sound contained many rocky coves where the oil was collected, the decision was made to displace it with high-pressure hot water. km. The town is also close to the site of the disastrous Exxon Valdez (oil tanker) spill of March 24, 1989. [43], Exxon appealed again. Exxon's actions were deemed "worse than negligent but less than malicious. The EPA, ADEC, and the US Coast Guard gave Exxon a September 15 cleanup deadline. Beginning in 1989, he was the co-lead counsel in the Exxon Valdez oil … "[33], On March 24, 2014, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the spill, NOAA scientists reported that some species seem to have recovered, with the sea otter the latest creature to return to pre-spill numbers. [25] More than 11,000 Alaska residents, along with some Exxon employees, worked throughout the region to try to restore the environment. Spill-Area and Subsistence Resources: How are they impacted by lingering oil. [70], In 1992, Exxon released a video titled Scientists and the Alaska Oil Spill for distribution to schools. The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989. [60], In the aftermath of the spill, Alaska governor Steve Cowper issued an executive order requiring two tugboats to escort every loaded tanker from Valdez out through Prince William Sound to Hinchinbrook Entrance. The company claimed that the Coast Guard was "wholly or partially responsible" for the spill, because they had granted mariners' licenses to the crew of the Valdez, and because they had given Exxon Valdez permission to leave regular shipping lanes to avoid ice. In fact, the tanker's radar was left broken and disabled for more than a year before the disaster, and Exxon management knew it. [48] Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick J. Leahy has decried the ruling as "another in a line of cases where this Supreme Court has misconstrued congressional intent to benefit large corporations. The oil spill was caused when an oil tanker, the Exxon-Valdez, hit Bligh Reef in the Gulf of Alaska in March of 1989. The local villagers had to cope with a tripling of their population from 80 to 250. To protect itself in case the judgment was affirmed, Exxon obtained a $4.8 billion credit line from J.P. Morgan & Co., who created the first modern credit default swap so that they would not have to hold as much money in reserve against the risk of Exxon's default. The State of Alaska disputed this claim, stating that there was a long-standing agreement to allow the use of dispersants to clean up spills, thus Exxon did not require permission to use them, and that, in fact, Exxon had not had enough dispersant on hand to effectively handle a spill of the size created by Exxon Valdez. 11 million gallons of crude oil gushed into the pristine waters. [2][6][7], The ship was carrying 53.1 million US gallons (1,260,000 bbl; 201,000 m3) of oil, of which approximately 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound.[2][4][8][9][10]. Oiled otters and angry kids. The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company that was bound for Long Beach, California struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 a.m. and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (257,000 bbl) (or 37,000 tonnes) of crude oil over the next few days. They also reiterated the claim that the Coast Guard had delayed cleanup by refusing to give permission to immediately use chemical dispersants on the spill. [15], Bill Meyer wrote in a U.S. News article that "after lunch, we had a couple of drinks."[14]. The federal government and the state of Alaska reached a $900 million with Exxon … Exxon then appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. This series of 7 slides charts the spread of the oil March 24-30, 1989, in Prince William Sound (this is not the full extent of the spill). Our innovations have helped provide the energy fundamental to modern life – from the clean, efficient fuels that power today’s transportation to the natural gas that provides light and heat to homes and businesses. [54][55], In response to the spill, the United States Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). Restoring the resources injured by the Exxon Valdez oil spill and understanding environmental change in the Northern Gulf of Alaska. Spill Map See a map of the area affected by the spill and when oil arrived at various locations in the spill region. [40], In the case of Exxon v. Baker, an Anchorage jury awarded $287 million for actual damages and $5 billion for punitive damages. "[50] Exxon recovered a significant portion of clean-up and legal expenses through insurance claims associated with the grounding of Exxon Valdez. Berth 1 is a floating berth, and can handle tankers of 16,000 to 12,000 deadweight tons. "The oil mixes with seawater and forms an emulsion...Left out, the surface crusts over but the inside still has the consistency of mayonnaise – or mousse. It has since recovered. [75], Composer Jonathan Larson wrote a song called "Iron Mike" about the oil spill. Exxon Valdez. [8][27], Nine years after the disaster, evidence of negative oil spill effects on marine birds was found in the following species: cormorants, goldeneyes, mergansers, murres and Pigeon Guillemots. Exxon Shipping Company failed to properly maintain the. Despite civilian insistence for a complete clean, only 10% of total oil was actually completely cleaned. [30] A study by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA in Juneau, determined that by 2001 approximately 90 tonnes of oil remained on beaches in Prince William Sound in the sandy soil of the contaminated shoreline, with annual loss rates declining from 68% per year prior to 1992, to 4% per year after 2001. HMRAD 92-11", "Exxon Valdez changed the oil industry forever—but new threats emerge", "Twenty-Five Years After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: NOAA's Scientific Support, Monitoring, and Research", "Exxon Valdez disaster – 15 years of lies", "Captain of Exxon Valdez offers 'heartfelt apology' for '89 oil spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound", "Court Rewards Exxon for Valdez Oil Spill – Greg Palast", "The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Final Report, State of Alaska Response", "Oil Spill Facts – Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council", "Corexit: An Oil Spill Solution Worse Than the Problem? certain bacteria and fungi) are capable of facilitating the biodegradation of oil. The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company that was bound for Long Beach, California struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 a.m. and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (257,000 bbl) (or 37,000 tonnes)[1] of crude oil over the next few days. [44] On February 27, 2008, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments. [45] In a decision issued June 25, 2008, written by Justice David Souter, the court vacated the $2.5 billion award and remanded the case back to the lower court, finding that the damages were excessive with respect to maritime common law. Multiple factors have been identified as contributing to the incident: Captain Joseph Hazelwood, who was widely reported to have been drinking heavily that night, was not at the controls when the ship struck the reef. "[20], In 2009, Exxon Valdez Captain Joseph Hazelwood offered a "heartfelt apology" to the people of Alaska, suggesting he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster: "The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts, but that's not the sexy story and that's not the easy story," he said. In addition, public acceptance of new, widespread chemical treatment was lacking. Crucial time passed before containment, but new lessons learned from zealous remediation process. Anchorage lawyer Dennis Mestas found that this was true for 6,722 of 11,000 worker files he was able to inspect. Congress enacted legislation requiring all tankers to be double-hulled as of 2015. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez super tanker ran aground in Alaska’s beautiful and biologically rich Prince William Sound. The Exxon Valdez tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Alaska on March 24, 1989, releasing nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound. Some of the oil does not appear to have biodegraded at all. The economy of the city of Cordova, Alaska was adversely affected after the spill damaged stocks of salmon and herring in the area. Other factors, according to an MIT course entitled "Software System Safety" by Professor Nancy G. Leveson,[16] included: This disaster resulted in International Maritime Organization introducing comprehensive marine pollution prevention rules (MARPOL) through various conventions. [47] The Court's ruling was that maritime punitive damages should not exceed the compensatory damages,[47] supported by a precedent dating from 1818. Oil reached the Duck Flats and hatchery before protective boom was in place. Through the work of the terminal operations program, a number of significant improvements have helped reduce environmental impacts from the terminal. Since Valdez was the most accessible city close to the spill, Exxon mobilized its response headquarters in the community and began a massive cleanup effort. Oil Spill, page vii. Posts about Racism written by John Loeffler. The United States had become complacent about the risks of a major oil spill, but the sight of oiled seabirds in this spectacular setting shocked the nation into action. Scientific data on its toxicity were either thin or incomplete. Tankers arrive almost daily at Valdez to carry crude oil from the pipeline terminal to refineries. Oriental Nicety, formerly Exxon Valdez, Exxon Mediterranean, SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, and Dong Fang Ocean, was an oil tanker that gained notoriety after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling its cargo of crude oil into the sea. On May 23, 2007, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals denied ExxonMobil's request for a third hearing and let stand its ruling that Exxon owed $2.5 billion in punitive damages. Access to the records was controlled by Exxon. [73], In the 1995 film Waterworld, Exxon Valdez is the flagship of the movie's villain, "The Deacon," the leader of a band of scavenging raiders. [42], After more appeals, in December 2006 the damages award was cut to $2.5 billion. The 1992 made-for-television film Dead Ahead: The Exxon Valdez Disaster, produced by HBO, dramatized the oil spill disaster. The legislation included a clause that prohibits any vessel that, after March 22, 1989, has caused an oil spill of more than 1 million US gallons (3,800 m3) in any marine area, from operating in Prince William Sound. [14], Chemical dispersant, a surfactant and solvent mixture, was applied to the slick by a private company on March 24 with a helicopter, but the helicopter missed the target area. On March 24, 1989, while owned by the former Exxon Shipping Company, and captained by Joseph Hazelwood and First … [32], ExxonMobil denied concerns over the remaining oil, stating that they anticipated the remaining fraction would not cause long-term ecological impacts. [57] In 2002, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Exxon. These included the loss of recreational sports, fisheries, reduced tourism, and an estimate of what economists call "existence value", which is the value to the public of a pristine Prince William Sound.[63][64][65][66]. plankton) are the basis of the coastal marine food chain, and others (e.g. Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989, 1994, Victor Goldberg, The Journal of Legal Studies, Recovery for Economic Loss Following the Exxon ‘Valdez’ Oil Spill", Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill, "Properties of Prudhoe Bay (2004) (ESTS #679)", "Frequently Asked Questions About the Spill", "Oil Spill Case Histories 1967–1991, Report No. The rules were ratified by member countries and, under International Ship Management rules, the ships are being operated with a common objective of "safer ships and cleaner oceans. The oil industry promised, but never installed, state-of-the-art iceberg monitoring equipment. "[35] Alaska state senator Berta Gardner is urging Alaskan politicians to demand that the US government force ExxonMobil to pay the final $92 million (£57 million) still owed from the court settlement. Tanker berths at the terminal are numbered 1, 3, 4, and 5 (berth 2 could be built if needed). In the early spring of […] Contact Information for the private plaintiff action, FY22-26 Invitation for General Restoration Project Proposals, Trustee Council 2020 DRAFT Resolutions for Public Comment, Draft Resolution 20-D: Background and Supplemental Information, Draft Resolutions 20-A and 20-B: Background and Supplemental Information, Proposals for Alternative Structures to EVOSTC, Financial Procedures and Investment Policies, Where to find additional EVOS documents and items, Long-Term Monitoring Program (Gulf Watch Alaska). [72], Several weeks after the spill, Saturday Night Live aired a pointed sketch featuring Kevin Nealon, Phil Hartman, and Victoria Jackson as cleanup workers struggling to scrub the oil off of animals and rocks on a beach in Prince William Sound. [61], In 1991, following the collapse of the local marine population (particularly clams, herring, and seals) the Chugach Alaska Corporation, an Alaska Native Corporation, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Despite the extensive cleanup attempts, less than ten percent of the oil was recovered. Begun in March 1975 and completed in 1977, pipeline construction employed some 30,000 workers at its peak and was the largest and most expensive privately funded construction project ever undertaken. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. The rusted and nondescript piece of steel on the left was a piece of the tanker Exxon Valdez, recovered by the salvage crew in 1989 and given to NOAA marine biologist Gary Shigenaka. As of 2002, OPA had prevented 18 ships from entering Prince William Sound. Repairs began on July 30. According to the conclusions of ExxonMobil's study: "We've done 350 peer-reviewed studies of Prince William Sound, and those studies conclude that Prince William Sound has recovered, it's healthy and it's thriving. Scientists who have monitored the spill area for the last 25 years report that concern remains for one of two pods of local orca whales, with fears that one pod may eventually die out. Exxon would be made to pay, literally, for damages caused by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The clean-up effort was staggering. As of Wednesday, 12 days after the Exxon Valdez ran aground, the 240,000-barrel slick was estimated to affect an area the size of Delaware, and Exxon’s fleet of oil … "[21][22][23], According to a report by David Kirby for TakePart, the main component of the Corexit formulation used during cleanup, 2-butoxyethanol, was identified as "one of the agents that caused liver, kidney, lung, nervous system, and blood disorders among cleanup crews in Alaska following the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill.[24]. In 1994, the tanker Eastern Lion spilled 8,400 gallons of North Slope crude oil into Port Valdez. [51][52], As of December 15, 2009, Exxon had paid the entire $507.5 million in punitive damages, including lawsuit costs, plus interest, which were further distributed to thousands of plaintiffs. Attorneys for the plaintiffs contended that Exxon bore responsibility for the accident because the company "put a drunk in charge of a tanker in Prince William Sound. There are 14 aboveground crude oil storage tanks situated at the terminal, and 3 to 5 oil tankers depart from Valdez oil terminal each week. It is considered one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters ever to occur at sea. "[46] The punitive damages were further reduced to an amount of $507.5 million. [41], Meanwhile, Exxon appealed the ruling, and the 9th U.S. Both long-term and short-term effects of the oil spill have been studied. [34] Federal scientists estimate that between 16,000 and 21,000 US gallons (61 to 79 m3) of oil remains on beaches in Prince William Sound and up to 450 miles (725 km) away. R&D has been part of ExxonMobil’s DNA since our company began more than 135 years ago. Source: 1993 State On-Scene Coordinator's Report. The agreement granted $63.75 million to the Seattle Seven, but stipulated that the seafood companies would have to repay almost all of any punitive damages awarded in other civil proceedings. The Exxon Corporation's reputation was bound to suffer after the Exxon Valdez ran aground off Alaska and dumped 250,000 barrels of oil into Prince William Sound. Tankers at Valdez are no longer single-hulled. ", "Exxon Sues Alaska, Charging Cleanup Delay", "Exxon, Blaming Coast Guard, Says U.S. Is Liable in Alaska Spill", "Exxon Valdez case still twisting through courts", "$4.5 Billion Award Set For Spill of Exxon Valdez", "Reaction of Sen. Leahy on Supreme Court Ruling in Exxon v. Baker", "Punitive damages appealed in Valdez spill", "Exxon Valdez – D. G. Syndicate 745 vs. Brandywine Reinsurance Company (UK) – Summary of the Court of Appeal Judgment", "The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill May 1989 - A Report to the President", "The bill of attainder clause: a new weapon to challenge the Oil Pollution Act of 1990", "Exxon Valdez Is Barred From Alaska Sound", "A Preliminary Economic Analysis of Recreational Fishing Losses Related to the, "25 Years After Spill, Alaska Town Struggles Back From 'Dead Zone, "Native Alaskans Still Reeling 25 Years After Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill", "Critics call Valdez cleanup a warning for Gulf workers", "How Exxon's "Video for Students" Deals in Distortions", "EXCLUSIVE: Hear George Salazar Sing "Iron Mike" From Jonathan Larson Project Album", NTSB safety recommendation to address crew management deficiencies at Exxon and in industry, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Alaskan Regional Response Team report on the, BP Played Central Role in Botched Containment of 1989, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Assessment (April 24, 1990), Exxon Valdez: One Year Later (March 22, 1990), Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Indonesia, Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd. 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