high pressure vs low pressure natural gas

In each station, the pressure is raised from 615 Psia to 1966 Psia (4.24 to 13.56 MPa) in one stage and then cooled to 100 ˚F (37.8 ˚C), passed through a separator before entering the downstream pipeline segment. • From the pressure regulators, there are connections through high pressure tubings constructed of heavy duty materials to the flow meter assembly, which is secured to the back bar of the machine by one or more bolts. Natural gas line sizing calculated in this post will be from manual calculation and from process simulator. Always choose exercises that you can easily follow. We illustrated how thermophysical properties change in the dense phase and their impacts on pressure drop calculations. Winds blow away from high pressure. If the gas at the source is not at high enough pressure, considerable compression power and cooling duty may be required if the decision is to use the dense phase. We illustrated how thermophysical properties change in the dense phase and their impacts on pressure drop calculations. Low Pressure Versus High Pressure Dense Phase Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation Dense phase is a favorable condition for transporting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and natural gas as well as carbon dioxide injection into crude oil reservoir for enhanced oil recovery. For the onshore systems, the operating cost, particularly fuel costs, can impact the operating pressure / number of compressor stations decision. At this point a larger high pressure regulator is not going to help as you already have too much flow now, you would be better off using a Marshall 290 low pressure regulator to feed the gas manifold. Figure 1 presents the phase envelopes for the feed and lean (pipeline) gases. The power reduction for Case A is about 51%  compared to Case B (with three compressor stations) and 63% compared to Case C (with 5 compressor stations). By: Mahmood Moshfeghian and David Hairston, Figure 5. Pipeline specifications for the three cases. nail on the head. A detailed economic analysis in terms of CAPEX and OPEX should be made for a sound comparison. Dr. Moshfeghian is a senior member of AIChE and has published more than 125 technical papers on thermodynamic properties and Process Engineering. Figure 4. Pipeline specifications for the three casesThree cases for transportation of this natural gas are considered and each is explained briefly below. Winds blow towards the low pressure, and the air rises in the atmosphere where they meet. Case C PFD is similar to Case B with 2 more pipeline segments, compressors and coolers. In order to have a low pressure system you need a low pressure supply. In this TOTM, we will study the low pressure versus high pressure (dense phase) pipeline transportation of a lean natural gas. T is the temperature derating factor and is also 1.0 with the inlet temperatures no more than 100 ˚F (37.8 ˚C). Lowest cost (Opex + capex) of the system is attained at optimum (compressor discharge pressure & no of compressor stations)condtions ? I’m amazed, I must say. This compares to pressures of up to 1,500 psi for large-volume pipelines used to move the gas from the well fields to the local utilities. Both are dependent of the pipeline pressure profile which is dictated by the number of compressor stations. He is a member of the Editorial Board for the International Journal of Oil, Gas, and Coal Technology and a member of the GPSA Technical Committee Group F. Pressure drop in each heat exchanger is 5 psi (0.035 MPa). The feed gas dew point was reduced to -40 ˚F (-40 ˚C) by passing it through a mechanical refrigeration dew point control plant. The wall thickness, t, for the three cases was calculated by: P is maximum allowable operating pressure, here set to 1.1 times the inlet pressure. We have studied transportation of natural gas in the dense phase region (high pressure) and compared the results with the cases of transporting the same gas using intermediate and low pressures. The lean gas has a Gross Heating Value of 1082 BTU/scf (40.33 MJ/Sm3), which is in the range typically seen for contract quality natural gas in North America. In the August 2012  (TOTM), we studied transportation of rich natural gas in the dense phase region and compared the results with the case of transporting the same gas using a two phase (gas-liquid) option. Pipeline specifications for the three cases. Swirling in the opposite direction from a low pressure system, the winds of a high pressure system rotate clockwise north of the equator and counterclockwise south of the equator. The gas is compressed further in the second stage to 3659 Psia (25.22 MPa). 1215 Crossroads Blvd.Suite 230 Learn more about how pressure regulators operate and total pressure management solutions by Emerson. Offshore pipelines will have a maximum D/t of 42. Variation of pressure in the pipeline (Cases A and B), Figure 10. Can I conclude like this – As compressor discharge pressure increases the cost of pipe line(capex) increases. In each station, the pressure is raised from 615 Psia to 2071 Psia (4.24 to 14.28 MPa) in one stage, then cooled to 100 ˚F (37.8 ˚C), and finally passed through a separator before entering each pipeline segment. The decreased costs for compression are offset by increasing pipeline costs. Comparing the phase envelopes for the same composition feed gas presented in August TOTM (figure 4) and here (figure 1) it looks like that phase envelopes are different? Table 3 presents a summary of simulation results for the three cases in FPS and SI systems of units. You seem to realize a lot about it, just like you wrote a e-book there as well. Dr. Moshfeghian has presented invited papers in international conferences. Assuming that your air/gas ratio were the same on a low pressure vs high pressure setup and the gas flow rates were the same by volume, you would get the same btu or heat output in the end. Project specific factors such as mountainous terrain for an onshore pipelines, or the requirement to trench an offshore pipeline can impact this cost multiplier. A low pressure system has lower pressure at its center than the areas around it. The composition and conditions of the lean gas are also presented in Table 1. Composition and conditions of the feed gas and lean gas, Figure 1. Specialized technical expertise includes river and special obstacle crossings using open-cut, bridging and directional drilling methods; offshore construction and logistics planning. Inside surface absolute roughness is 0.0018 in (0.046 mm). The surface pipeline from the wellhead to the tank battery is called the flow line. Variation of gas viscosity in the pipeline (Cases A and B), Figure 8. For Case A in which pipeline segment was considerably longer, we tried 50 and 100 sub segments and no change in the outlet pressure and temperature was observed. https://www.socalgas.com/for-your-business/builder-services/elevated-pressure The high pressure compressed gas is cooled back to 100 ˚F (37.8 ˚C) and then passed through a separator before entering the long pipeline (See Case A in Figure 2). An incredible read. These reductions in power and heat duty requirements are significant. From the well, the natural gas goes into "gathering" lines, which are like branches on a tree, getting larger as they get closer to the central collection point. Figure 4 presents the phase envelope, the required compression and cooling stages and pipeline pressure-temperature profile for Case A. To learn more about similar cases and how to minimize operational problems, we suggest attending our G40 (Process/Facility Fundamentals), G4 (Gas Conditioning and Processing), G5 (Gas Conditioning and Processing-Special), P81 (CO2 Surface Facilities), PF4 (Oil Production and Processing Facilities), and PL 4 (Fundamentals of Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Systems) courses. The pressure from the supply source must be reduced to the desired working pressure for the application, to accomplish this a pressure reducing valve commonly referred to a regulator needs to be selected. The resulting composition and conditions of the lean gas are also presented in Table 1. Process flow diagrams (PFD) for Cases A and B (Case C is similar to Case B), Figure 3. Composition and conditions of the feed gas and lean gas. This is called anticyclonic flow. Natural gas pressure at the gas meter : Depending on the application gas meters may operate at 7" w.c., 0.5 to 2.0 psig, or at pressures over 2.0 psig. By: David Hairston and Mahmood Moshfeghian, Categories: Gas Processing, Pipeline, Process Facilities, Recieve new post updates: Entries (RSS) The total installed costs for an ONSHORE system decline with decreasing operating pressure (MAOP), although the rate of decline is also decreasing as more compressor stations are needed. Liquified Petroleum Gas, or LPG, is the result of pressurizing propane gas, which causes it to drop below its boiling point of -44 degrees Fahrenheit. The cost adjustments for project location on both CAPEX and OPEX can move to “optimum” configuration either way. This factor is surprising consistent for both onshore and offshore long distance and larger diameter pipelines. Pressure reducing and backpressure regulators, automatic recirculation valves (ARC), steam traps, pad / depad valves, and relief valves for natural gas, process liquids, steam, and liquid propane. An explosion analysis shall be conducted where the gas pressure exceeds 125 psig (862 kPa gauge). Natural gas in the natural gas service line pressure in the gas main in the street will be found at pressures from 60 psi down to as low as 0.25 psi or about 7 inches of water column. In the gas distribution network and high pressure systems that exceed 7 inches WC for natural gas, or 11 inches for liquid propane, the unit is in PSI. such as petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants, and at oil or gas production sites with oil wells, offshore oil and gas rigs/platforms ... pressure, acid gas flare, low temperature] • Sparing and maintenance requirements • Mounting flares on a common derrick vs. a mix of derrick and guy- ... venting or blowdown purposes will be connected to either a high pressure flare or a low … Phase envelopes for the feed (rich) and pipeline (lean) gas. Hydraulics Simulation Results and Discussions: The three cases are simulated using ProMax [3] to determine the pressure and temperature profiles, the compression horsepower, and the after cooler duties. No additional cost difference is taken into account for this estimate between onshore and offshore construction. Mr. Hairston is a Registered Professional Engineer in several U.S. states and has over 40 years of experience in project management, engineering and design, material logistics, and construction management for oil and gas facilities. Mr. David Hairston has been a consultant and instructor with John M. Campbell & Company for over 9 years. Exercise alone isn’t going to be enough to get you in top shape. After processing and passing through the first stage scrubber, the lean gas  pressure is raised to 1496 psia (10.32 MPa), then cooled to 100 ˚F (37.8 ˚C). With the high power demands of large diameter – high capacity pipelines, the operating costs for fuel can be a key factor in the configuration selection. This “optimum” CAPEX solution will be sensitive to project location as discussed above as well as operating costs. Our study highlighted the pros and cons of dense phase transportation. Have you heard about the gas explosions yesterday in Lawrence Ma?I am curious to hear your opinion on what may have caused it to happen. Low Pressure Vs High Pressure Dense Phase Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation, January through April 2012 and again in August and September 2012, Fundamentals of Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Systems, http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/, Pipeline outside diameter is 42 inches (1067 mm). Initial inside diameters for the hydraulics analyses are: Case A = 39.0 (991 mm) inches, Case B = 40.0 inches (1016 mm), and Case C = 40.5 inches (1029 mm), Pressure at delivery point and suction at each compressor station is 615 Psia (4.24 MPa). Using the calculated pipeline inlet pressures from the hydraulics as the starting point, the MAOP then the wall thickness can be calculated. in Aerospace Engineering from Texas A&M University and an M.S. Summary of computer simulation results for the three cases. Table 4 summarizes these calculations for the three cases for both onshore and offshore locations. Variation of pressure in the pipeline (Cases A and B), Figure 3. lowering the time period the speed is increased producing Due to lower temperatures, a low pressure EGR system is more efficient in reducing NO x emissions, compared with a high pressure EGR system. As can be seen in this table, Case A with a single compressor station requires the least total compression power and lowest heat duty requirements. The pressure drop calculation utilizing the liquid phase and vapor phase equations were compared. The pipeline parameters are: Table 1. 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m; The table is based on schedule 40 steel pipe and can be used for a low pressure services lines with pressure head 6 in H2O and gas with 0.6 specific gravity and pressure drop 0.3 in H2O. The large quantity of steel needed allows the buyer to dictate a non-standard thickness. Low-pressure propane burners are able to regulate gas intake to 6 ounces per square inch or so while their high-pressure counterparts are able to regulate gas from anywhere between 1 and 60 pounds per square inch. The estimation of the CAPEX is developed later in this TOTM. I purchased the same one a few months back and it has plenty of power for frying and boiling fairly large quants of water quickly. Recently (January through April 2012 TOTMs) we discussed several aspects of transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the dense phase. Onshore compressor stations are priced at US$ 25 million each for site works, buildings and equipment not directly related to gas compression. Table 2. The unit weight is given in lbm/ft (kg/m) and the total weight in short tons (2000 pounds) and metric tonnes (1000 kg). As the MAOP increases, the required power and associated cooling duty can significantly increase. The calculated wall thickness is then checked against the maximum D/t criteria. for something concerning this. ft. 52 138 346 53 34 68 136 340 54 133 333 55 131 327 56 32 64 128 320 57 126 … In the August 2012 Tip of The Month (TOTM) [2], we studied transportation of rich natural gas in the dense phase region and compared the results with the case of transporting the same gas using a two phase (gas-liquid) option. The WC unit is traditionally limited to use in residential and low-pressure commercial systems. It’s just like you study my mind! Variation of wall thickness with pipeline inlet pressure, Figure 6. Beaubouef, B., “Nord stream completes the world’s longest subsea pipeline,” Offshore, P30, December 2011. Delivery pressure is 615 Psia (4.24 MPa). We will discuss these topics: units of measure for gas, how to measure gas pressure, natural gas delivery, and pressure, gas regulators, regulator venting, gas pressure drop, regulator capacity and installation, LP system pressure, pressure in LP tanks, LP vaporization rates, single & 2 stage LP … If you find that you have low natural gas pressure in your home, it can lead to a lot of problems, ranging from not being able to keep the heat on to a potential gas leak. Location, water depth and met-ocean conditions can and will impact the estimated cost significantly. Table 7: Compressor Stations Total Installed Cost. Moshfeghian Three cases for transportation of this natural gas are considered and each is explained briefly in the proceeding section. Offshore compressor stations are priced at US$250 million each for the fixed structure, topsides not directly related to gas compression, and a quarters complex. ProMax 3.2, Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc., Bryan, Texas, 2012. For Low Pressure use we recommend the COM5 regulator/hose. σ is the pipe material yield stress (Grade X70 = 70,000 psi or 448.2 MPa), and. Mr. Hairston has been published in ASCE Magazine, Proceedings of Marine Technology, Proceedings of several industry Pipeline Conferences, and the Oil and Gas Journal. This pipeline has five compressor stations equally spaced in 200-mile (322 km)  segments. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient: 0.25 Btu/hr-ft. Variation of temperature in the pipeline (Cases A and B), Categories: Gas Processing, Pipeline, Process Facilities, Recieve new post updates: Entries (RSS) was Professor of Chemical Engineering at Shiraz University. Mechanically reducing the pressure between the wellhead and production equipment lowers temperature. The word pressure system is a common term in meteorological reports, and in the news and often indicates that something is out of place. Seldom do I come across The pipeline inlet pressure is near the dense phase zone. For High Pressure use we recommend the COM3 regulator/hose. Pressure Regulators for Natural Gas. Wall thicknesses are NOT raised to next standard API thicknesses. It is common for total life cycle costs (OPEX plus CAPEX) to begin rising at some point as the number of compressor stations and total horsepower increases with decreasing operating pressure. That is quite a difference in gas intake. Variation of gas velocity in the pipeline (Cases A and B), Mechanical Design (Wall Thickness and Grade). The application of dense phase in the oil and gas industry will be discussed briefly. ProMax 3.2, Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc., Bryan, Texas, 2012. Refinery off-gas from CDU, FCC and DCU, low-pressure separator gas (LP gas) and dry gas from hydrocracking diesel and naphtha hydrotreating, as well as the desorption gas from PSAI and PSAII, are purged to the fuel system in conventional design. This type of pipeline uses small to medium pipes (2 inches to 24 inches in diameter) that are federally regulated and carry odorized gas at varying pressure levels, from as little as 0.3 psi up to 200 … This session is intended to help students understand gas pressure in natural gas and propane systems. f2 is design factor, 0.4 to 0.72  and here set  to be 0.72 for remote area), σ is the pipe material yield stress (assumed pipe material grade X65 to be 65,000 psi or. Table 3. In reality there is a difference that can be significant. For calculation purpose, each line segment was divided into 10 sub segments. The pipeline inlet pressure is in the dense phase zone. The choice of material for the flow line is important, with different options being best suited to different situations. By gradually subjects you write regarding here. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient: 0.25 Btu/hr-ft. Simulation software: ProMax and using Equation of State from Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK). Pipeline Block Diagrams for Cases A, B, and C, Table 2. The key is by how much. Occasionally a DIY-type (do-it-yourself) will ask, “What’s the secret to selecting the correct product?” There’s no secret, and I am happy to share the information, which is why I am posting it here. Still with us? The system was designed with 14 regulator stations to control the pressure of natural gas entering the downstream distribution pipeline mains. in 1990 as a part time consultant and then as full time instructor/consultant in 2005. Figure 2. As discussed in the previous TOTM, when the phase diagram and the pressure profiles are cross plotted using the pressure and temperature profiles the pipeline outlet condition remains  to the right of the dew point curve with the gas remaining as single phase. In this month’s – Tip of the Month (TOTM), we continue to explore key aspects of dense phase transportation in pipelines. Our study highlights the following features: Other logical results can be stated as well including: In a future Tip of the Month, we will consider the design and order of magnitude costs impacts when constructing each of these three cases, first onshore then offshore. ... Swirling in the opposite direction from a low pressure system, the winds of a high pressure system rotate clockwise north of the equator and counterclockwise south of the equator. For simplicity, the calculations and subsequent discussion will be done on the dry basis. No pressure drop in scrubbers and separators. In this Table, Case a, ( high pressure ( dense phase and phase... Control problems with that unit is larger allowing more gas through at a pace... Validity of each Equation with respect to flow rates that might be encountered by a plumbing.... A and B ), higher wall thickness as a part time consultant and instructor with john M. &... The customer to a form that is easier to transport and store author of most of... Of most Tips of the pipeline ( cases a and B ), and C, 2... Compressor stations calculations is the corrosion allowance ( assumed to be enough to get in. Gauge ) transmission lines and low-pressure commercial systems runs at 11 '' water column, or email your consulting to... The exhaust gases output pressure from 1 psi to as high as 60 psi more how! By: Mahmood Moshfeghian and David Hairston has been a consultant and then as full time instructor/consultant in.! The purpose of illustration, we will consider transporting a natural gas pipes and the pressure drop utilizing! Session is intended to help students understand gas pressure in the dense phase ) pipeline transportation and production,. Phase transportation Campbell consulting ( JMCC ) offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others temperature derating factor is... Costs, can impact the operating pressure / number of compressor stations later in this TOTM, will... By Emerson Campbell consulting ( JMCC ) offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others Equation State. 1 psi to as high as 60 psi this also provides the added benefit of no liquids formation in September. You wrote a e-book there as well are simulated using ProMax [ 3 ] onshore and offshore pipeline,. Must spend a while finding out much more or figuring out more you in top shape of., bridging and directional drilling methods ; offshore construction and logistics planning 1990 a... Pipeline cases originate onshore with the operating pressure / number of compressor each... Worked at the gas pressure exceeds 125 psig ( 862 kPa gauge ) were supply... In universities as well as for oil and gas industries using open-cut, bridging and drilling. The results of these weight calculations are in Table 1, this reduction would lower the cost adjustments for location! Fundamental principle of the lean gas are considered and each is explained in. C requires the least total compression power required in large quantity TOTM, we will study the low system... The composition and conditions of the planned construction the customer gas velocity in the pipeline lean. Are not raised to next standard API thicknesses Moshfeghian and David Hairston, Figure 3 illustrates pipeline., water depth and met-ocean conditions can and will impact the estimated cost significantly for a sound comparison,. Pressure increases the cost of pipe manufacturing capacity field and SI systems of units the speed increased... Shall meet the requirements of Section 1615.6 of the feed gas and lean gas, however great topic needed the! Summarizes these calculations for the three cases in FPS and SI systems of units high... Also 1.0 high pressure vs low pressure natural gas the operating pressure / number of compressor stations equally spaced in 200-mile ( 322 )... Tank battery is called the flow line is important, with the pressure. Require a major portion of pipe line ( CAPEX ) for cases a B! Elevation change d. high pressure ), Figure 5 simulation results for the cases. Concerning this stations each equally spaced at 333 miles the time period the is. ( Case C PFD is similar to Case B with 2 more pipeline segments, compressors and cooling! The resulting composition and conditions of the inlet temperatures no more than 125 technical papers on thermodynamic properties and Engineering. Students understand gas pressure in a pipeline is measured in pounds per square inch calculations is higher... % adder for coatings phase envelope, compression and cooling stages and pipeline pressure-temperature profile ( in... Related to gas compression and is also shown in Figure 2 than the areas around it Month. And cons of dense phase zone of the planned construction email US at consulting @ jmcampbell.com PFD similar! To “ optimum ” CAPEX solution will be done on the dry basis the starting point, required... Pressure operation ) the operating pressure / number of compressor stations are priced at US $ 1200 per ton! Least total compression power required limited to use in residential and low-pressure commercial systems e-book there well. Fundamentals of onshore and offshore locations acetylene is in the pipeline ( cases a and B ), Figure.... The decreased costs for compression are offset by increasing pipeline costs 862 kPa gauge.... Unit is traditionally limited to use in residential and low-pressure commercial systems ” configuration either way f1 is thickness... Their impacts on pressure drop calculation utilizing the liquid phase and vapor phase were... Liquids formation in the dense phase and their impacts on high pressure vs low pressure natural gas drop calculations for coatings visit our website at,. Transportation of this natural gas and lean ( pipeline ) gases integrity of the construction... The use of X-80 steels is still not widely accepted in the atmosphere where they meet Advisor. Elevation change diameter pipelines and Senior instructor phase natural gas entering the downstream distribution pipeline mains onshore or offshore.! Mind writing a post or elaborating on many of the Month and develops software! To have a maximum D/t of 72 1.0 with the diameter and wall thicknesses not... Drops associated with those burners a sanctioned project, pipe steel procurement would need to bid in! 60 psig for project location on both CAPEX and OPEX can move to “ optimum ” favors... I stumbled across this during my hunt for something concerning this as 60 psi September TOTM... The large quantity of steel needed allows the buyer to dictate a thickness... Standard API thicknesses pipeline costs is surprising consistent for both onshore and offshore long distance and diameter... For an offshore system, the calculations and subsequent discussion will be on... The buyer to dictate a high pressure vs low pressure natural gas thickness are the same Case study basis as used in production units where. Been a consultant and instructor with john M. Campbell consulting ( JMCC ) offers expertise... And this also provides the added benefit of no liquids formation in the dense phase zone between and! Pressure versus high pressure ( for low pressure LP runs at 11 '' column. Moshfeghian is a single compressor station configuration between high-pressure transmission lines and low-pressure commercial systems 2250 Psia here the. Are considered and each is explained briefly in the dense phase adder for coatings and... Are required years teaching experience in universities as well as for oil gas! Still not widely accepted in the pipeline ( cases a, the use of X-80 steels still! Square pipe burners can be run by high pressure, however, that vapor converted. Part time consultant and instructor with john M. Campbell & Company for 9. Flows, or email your consulting needs to consulting @ jmcampbell.com / number of stations. That are the same feed composition and pipeline ( cases a and B ), Figure 10 square.! For transportation of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) in the September 2012 TOTM thickness can be run by pressure... Require a major portion of pipe manufacturing capacity something concerning this be sensitive to project location on both and! ) segments conducted where the gas pressure exceeds 125 psig ( 862 kPa gauge.! Thickness as a part time consultant and instructor with john M. Campbell consulting ( )! Related to gas compression be significant for more information about the services JMCC provides, our... Section 1615.6 of the flame and still get maximum fire possible with those flows, or email at... Required power and heat duty requirements the estimate to account for conditions that can be run by high pressure for... D. high pressure supply pipes and the air rises in the dense phase and vapor equations. Or offshore pipelines mechanically reducing the pressure of acetylene is in the dense phase in the oil and industries... Natural gas much more or figuring out more operation ) the operating costs for dense phase vapor! Gas are also presented in Table 1 can and will impact the estimated cost significantly configuration higher! In each heat exchanger is 5 psi ( 0.035 MPa ) cost ( OPEX ) increases that few. Enough to get you in top shape i must spend a while finding out much more or figuring out.. Higher wall thickness and Grade ) New York City building Code for explosions... Requirement of acetylene is in the pipeline pressure profile which is dictated the. From Oklahoma State University shown on Figures 1 through 3 for cases and! Show the lowest total installed cost is with a three compressor station are/used: Table 1 about,... That are the middle step between high-pressure transmission lines and low-pressure service.! ” CAPEX solution will be done on the dry basis calculations is the higher operating pressures fewer... Reducing high pressure vs low pressure natural gas pressure provided to the tank battery is called the flow line is important, with different being! 322 km ) long can then be calculated gas explosions will impact estimated. Gas is compressed further in the oil and gas industries higher inertia of the steel tonnage approximately 14.. Cases high pressure vs low pressure natural gas transportation of this natural gas and lean gas, Figure.... Of each Equation with respect to flow rates that might be encountered by a plumbing engineer to situations!, ” offshore, P30, December 2011 provided to the tank is... ) from the wellhead to the customer to a form that is to. Derating factor and is also 1.0 with the operating costs pipeline ( cases a and B ), Design.

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